. Fruit flies, like almost all other living organisms, have built-in circadian rhythms that keep time even in the absence of external stimuli. Several genes have been shown to be involved in internal timekeeping, including per (period) and tim (timeless). Mutations in these two genes, and in other genes, disrupt timekeeping abilities. Interestingly, these genes have also been shown to be involved in other time-related behavior, such as the frequency of wingbeats in male courtship behaviors. Individuals that carry particular mutations of per and tim have been shown to copulate for longer than individuals that have neither mutation. But do these two mutations affect copulation time in similar ways? The following table summarizes some data on the duration of copulation for flies that carry either the tim mutation or the per mutation (Beaver and Giebultowicz 2004): Mean copulation duration (min) Standard deviation of Sample size (n) Mutation copulation duration per 17.5 3.37 14 tim 19.9 2.47 17 a. Do these two mutations lead to different mean copulation durations? Carry out the appropriate test. b. Do the populations carrying these mutations have different variances in copulation duration?

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). Fruit flies, like almost all other living organisms, have built-in circadian rhythms that keep
time even in the absence of external stimuli. Several genes have been shown to be involved
in internal timekeeping, including per (period) and tim (timeless). Mutations in these two
genes, and in other genes, disrupt timekeeping abilities. Interestingly, these genes have also
been shown to be involved in other time-related behavior, such as the frequency of
wingbeats in male courtship behaviors. Individuals that carry particular mutations of
tim have been shown to copulate for longer than individuals that have neither mutation. But
do these two mutations affect copulation time in similar ways? The following table
summarizes some data on the duration of copulation for flies that carry either the tim
mutation or the per mutation (Beaver and Giebultowicz 2004):
per and
Mean copulation
duration (min)
Standard deviation of
Sample
size (n)
Mutation
copulation duration
per
17.5
3.37
14
tim
19.9
2.47
17
a. Do these two mutations lead to different mean copulation durations? Carry out the
appropriate test.
b. Do the populations carrying these mutations have different variances in copulation
duration?
Transcribed Image Text:). Fruit flies, like almost all other living organisms, have built-in circadian rhythms that keep time even in the absence of external stimuli. Several genes have been shown to be involved in internal timekeeping, including per (period) and tim (timeless). Mutations in these two genes, and in other genes, disrupt timekeeping abilities. Interestingly, these genes have also been shown to be involved in other time-related behavior, such as the frequency of wingbeats in male courtship behaviors. Individuals that carry particular mutations of tim have been shown to copulate for longer than individuals that have neither mutation. But do these two mutations affect copulation time in similar ways? The following table summarizes some data on the duration of copulation for flies that carry either the tim mutation or the per mutation (Beaver and Giebultowicz 2004): per and Mean copulation duration (min) Standard deviation of Sample size (n) Mutation copulation duration per 17.5 3.37 14 tim 19.9 2.47 17 a. Do these two mutations lead to different mean copulation durations? Carry out the appropriate test. b. Do the populations carrying these mutations have different variances in copulation duration?
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