FerrellJEDR8201-2

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Northcentral University *

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8201

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Statistics

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Jan 9, 2024

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FerrellJEDR8201-2 1 Develop Graphs and Frequency Distributions for Categorical and Continuous Variables Joyce E. Ferrell Department of Education, Northcentral University EDR-8201: Statistics I Dr. McKenna November 12, 2023

FerrellJEDR8201-2 2 Develop Graphs and Frequency Distributions for Categorical and Continuous Variables 1. Using the data in Table 1, where the grade is your factor, and the score is your outcome variable, open a new SPSS file and enter the data. Then, using the graph tab then legacy dialogs, create the following graphs and include them in your submission. Data for Step 1 of Assignment a. Line graph Grade Score 1 45 2 56 3 49 4 57 5 61 6 72

FerrellJEDR8201-2 3 b. Bar graph c. Pie graph 2. Discuss which of these graphs (line, bar, pie) present data better. The bar graph is the chart that better represents the data from the three representations above. Bar graphs present categorical data and are used to compare different categories of data (Delport, 2021). The bar graph best represents the data in the table because it is easily read. You can get a good understanding of what grade level had the highest mean score and the lowest mean score. You can also quickly compare mean scores across groups using the bar graph. This type of chart would be the most appropriate way to view this data for the observer (Booker-Zorigan, 2021).

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FerrellJEDR8201-2 4 3. Create two bar charts: one bar chart with sex (biological sex) in the x-axis and one bar chart with the university on the x-axis. Include these charts in your submission. 4. Create two frequency distribution tables for sex and university attended. Include these tables in your submission and answer the following questions.

FerrellJEDR8201-2 5 a. What percentage of the sample is male and female? The percentage of males is 54% and females 46%. b. What percentage of the sample attended World U, Universe U, Planet U, and Cosmos U? The percentage of the sample attended World U was 21%, Universe U was 29%, Planet U was 26%, and Cosmos was 24%. 5. For computer literacy, numerical ability, and lectures attended, create three frequency distribution tables with their respective histograms. Include these tables in your submission and provide the following information. a. Computer literacy

FerrellJEDR8201-2 6 b. Numeracy c. c. c. c. c. c. Lectures attended

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FerrellJEDR8201-2 7 d. Describe the shape of the frequency distributions. The shape of the frequency distribution in numerical ability is skewed to the right, but in the computer literacy and lectures attended, it is evenly distributed. According to Mihaescu (2022), distributions are positively skewed if scores form a tail to the right of the mean or negatively skewed if scores form a tail to the left of the mean. e. Differentiate between the frequency, percent, valid percent, and cumulative percent columns. The frequency column shows the measure of the number of times that an event occurs. The percent column consists of the percentage of the total amount. The valid percent column displays the percentage that does not include missing cases. The cumulative percent column is the percentage when they are added from each area from the top of the table to the bottom of the table, which then culminates to 100%. 6. Please discuss when it is appropriate to use a bar chart and when it is appropriate to use a histogram to display data (keep in mind the level of measurement of the variables). The use of a bar graph is imperative when a person needs to summarize categorical data. When the data is continuous, quantitative, and group data, it is vital to use histograms. Histograms are

FerrellJEDR8201-2 8 utilized to display graphical representation in the form of frequency versus bar graphs to display the comparison of two categories being compared.

FerrellJEDR8201-2 9 References Booker-Zorigan, B. (2021, July 18). Stats I Week 2 Assignment A, Part 1 of 1 [Video]. Kaltura. Booker-Zorigian, B. (2021, July 18). Stats I Week 2 Assignment B, Part 1 of 1 [Video]. Kaltura. Delport, D. H. (2021). Teaching first-year statistics students with Covid-19 real-world data: Graphs. Teaching Statistics, 43 (1), 36-43. Mihaescu, O. (Ed.) (2022). Frequency distributions. Encyclopedia of research design. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071812082

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