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1) _______ exists when three or more people are interdependent and need to rely on one another to achieve their needs or goals. A) A group B) A collective C) A minimal group D) Social roles E) A social loafer Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 214 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 2) When social psychologists define a group as a collection of interdependent people, they mean that A) members’ needs and goals cause them to influence one another. B) there is seldom interpersonal conflict in social groups. C) minimal groups often evolve into social groups. D) the group members interact with one another. E) members of groups have relatively little impact on one another. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 214 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 3) Families, church or synagogue congregations, student organizations, and sports teams can be conceived of as groups because A) they are part of our evolutionary and cultural heritage as humans. B) they are typically composed of more than ten members. C) they are typically composed of more than two members. D) they are relatively stable collections of individuals who share the same goals. E) individual members interact with one another and influence one another. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 214 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 4) In groups, interdependence is reflected in A) working towards a common goal. B) communicating with one another. C) influencing and being influenced. D) group conflict. E) finding alternatives to conflict. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 214 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 5) Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary (1995) argue that the need to belong to groups is present in all societies because

A) the Industrial Revolution brought about increased specialization in the workforce. B) hunting and farming have been replaced by business and technology. C) interaction with many people is unavoidable. D) cultural norms everywhere dictate that people cooperate. E) group membership has conferred evolutionary advantages to humans. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 214-215 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 6) Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the function of group membership? A) Bonding in groups conveys an evolutionary advantage. B) Groups convey behavioural expectations through social roles. C) Groups can motivate people to be involved in social change. D) Groups can define social identity and influence future aspirations. E) Groups improve task performance and productivity. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 214-217 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 7) According to research, social groups tend to range in size from two or three members to several dozen members. Why is this? A) If groups were larger it would be impossible to interact with other members. B) If a group becomes too large conflict within the group becomes unavoidable. C) It would be difficult for members to find more people who are similar to them. D) It is too difficult to arrive at normative consensus when groups grow too large. E) The larger the social group, the greater the likelihood of destructive conflict. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 215 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 8) Which of the following collections of people best represents the social-psychological concept of a social group? A) deliberating members of a 12-person jury B) personnel employed at a large corporation C) students in a large lecture course D) undergraduates enrolled at a large public university E) fans at a hockey game. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 215 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 9) Katie is the goalie of her university varsity hockey team. As the goalie, Katie knows that she is expected to seem calm, cool, and collected on the ice so that the rest of the team is comfortable depending on her to stop the puck. These expectations are her

A) way of exerting normative influence on the team. B) social norm. C) social role. D) way of exerting informational influence on the team. E) gender role. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 215-217 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 10) Josh is the president of his college residence hall and he is therefore expected to act in a respectable, dignified manner when he attends campus functions. What social psychological phenomenon does this illustrate? A) a loss of personal identity B) expectation consistency pressure C) conformity D) a social role E) a group representativeness assumption Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 216-217 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 11) Shared group expectations about how particular group members are expected to behave are called A) expectancy effects. B) collective standards. C) social roles. D) norms. E) group effects. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 216-217 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 12) “We will not talk about other members behind their backs and we will never divulge one another’s secrets to anyone, inside or outside this group.” The preceding statement reflects A) well defined roles. B) a consensual proscription. C) a group norm. D) a subordinate goal. E) a superordinate goal. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 216 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 13) Whereas _______ specify how all group members should behave, _______ specify how individuals in particular positions should behave.

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A) roles; norms B) rules; roles C) rules; norms D) norms; rules E) norms; roles Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 216 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 14) How do norms differ from roles? Norms _______, whereas roles _______. A) are specific; are general. B) apply to small groups; apply to large groups. C) apply to all group members; apply to specific group members. D) apply to large groups; apply to small groups. E) are expectations; are requirements. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 216 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 15) One advantage of social roles is that they make individuals’ rights and responsibilities clear for group members. One disadvantage of such roles, however, is that they A) are not as powerful as norms in guiding behaviours. B) may not share a universal understanding among group members. C) are assigned arbitrarily. D) are less fair than norms and are therefore more harmful. E) can lead people to lose their own personal identity. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 216-217 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 16) Sometimes when professors ask students to break up into small groups to discuss an issue, answer a question, or solve a problem, students roll their eyes and complain that it’s the professor’s job to teach them. This resistance to cooperative learning activities is probably a result of A) psychological reactance. B) students’ expectations about the “professor” role. C) social loafing pressures. D) deindividuation processes. E) social facilitation. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 216-217 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

17) Which of the following is the important lesson to be learned from Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment in which university students played the roles of guards and prisoners. A) Personality variables often have a much stronger impact on behaviour than situational variables. B) People who are by nature authoritarian and abusive prefer jobs like being a prison guard. C) The feeling of being crowded that results from the presence of other people can lead to prison violence. D) The behaviours associated with certain roles can overwhelm one’s personal identity and sense of decency. E) People who have strong moral convictions are less likely to become abusive than weak, passive people. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 216-217 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 18) In the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973), guards became increasingly sadistic and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn, all in under a week. Results of this (aborted) study suggest that A) social roles can be very powerful. B) humans are inherently aggressive and will “act out” in the appropriate situation. C) interdependence can be reduced in powerful situations. D) people who have authoritarian personalities do not make good prisoners. E) norms in the real world are often adopted in artificial settings. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 216-217 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 19) Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues established a mock prison in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford University. How did they decide which participants would assume the role of “prisoner” and which would assume the role of “guard”? A) People were assigned at random to each role. B) Aggressive people tended to volunteer for the role of guard. C) The experimenters used personality tests to assign participants to roles. D) Participants who had spent time in jail refused to be prisoners. E) Because of safety concerns, aggressive people were assigned to the role of prisoner. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 216-217 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 20) According to the authors of your text book, one cost of roles is that individuals can lose their personal identities as individuals. A second cost is that

A) leaders can become intolerant and inflexible. B) roles can make group tasks more difficult. C) role demands are seldom well specified. D) expectations can lower the opportunities that are available to some people. E) roles often lead to incorrect decisions. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 217-219 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 21) In India, women were traditionally permitted to occupy only the roles of mother, wife, agricultural laborer, or domestic worker. A social psychologist would likely assert that which of these is an example of a cost of social roles? A) Roles often are imposed by the powerful. B) Roles often have cultural implications. C) Roles often bring about deindividuation. D) Roles often limit what opportunities are available to some people. E) Roles often apply to those who are less powerful. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 217-219 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 22) The term for group qualities that promote liking between members and bind members together is A) group cohesiveness. B) social roles. C) relation-oriented leadership. D) group norms. E) social facilitation. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 219 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 23) The more cohesive a group is, the more likely it is to A) retain members, involve members in activities, and recruit similar members. B) constrain members, lead members, and recruit similar members. C) involve members, polarize members, and lead members. D) evaluate members, reject members, and pressure members. E) pressure members, organize members in activities, and rejects leadership. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 219 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 24) The Wednesday Night Social Club has several couples that have been with the group for more than a decade. They all get along well and all of the members like each other. They meet every week for a different social activity often at each other’s homes. Frequent activities include potluck and card games. Two new couples in the

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same age group who have moved into the neighbourhood have attended recently. This group shows evidence of A) transactive memory. B) cohesiveness. C) continuity. D) consensus. E) strong leadership. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 219 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 25) In order for social facilitation to occur, the minimum requirement is the A) presence of those with whom one is interacting. B) concern about how others will evaluate us. C) interdependence of actor and audience. D) feedback from at least one other person. E) mere presence of others. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 219-220 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 26) Jamal studied long and hard for his psychology exam, has mastered the material, and can answer any question that anyone poses. When he enters the classroom on the day of the examination, the room is more crowded than it's been all term. In this situation, Jamal should A) move to a quiet room to take the exam alone. B) request to make the exam a conjunctive task performed in groups. C) move to the front of the lecture hall where he will not be able to see the crowd behind him. D) request to make the exam an additive task performed in groups. E) remain in the crowded classroom to take the exam. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 219-220 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 27) The presence of others will facilitate performance for A) Janine, who is leading a difficult group discussion. B) Jasmine, who gives a dress rehearsal of a long speech that is not completely memorized. C) Arthur, who performs his first heart surgery with interns looking on. D) Lola, who is learning a new gymnastics routine with her team. E) Tim, who is washing his car as his neighbours watch. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

28) Adele has never driven a car with a standard transmission before. That is, she’s never had to decide when to shift gears, push in the clutch, or stop suddenly when the car is in gear. She’s just bought a car with standard transmission and wants to practice driving it before she takes it onto the highway. What should she do? A) have people in the car who are experienced drivers B) buckle her seat belt C) take her best friend along to provide instructions and support D) have a group of friends follow along behind her to help pull her out of a ditch if something goes wrong E) drive the car alone and circle a large parking lot a few times Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 29) Dozens of social psychological experiments on the topic of social facilitation have employed everything from people to birds, ants, and cockroaches. Which of the following is the one consistent finding has emerged from these many studies? A) Simple tasks are more arousing than difficult tasks. B) Simplicity is the most dominant response in the presence of others. C) The presence of others enhances performance the most on difficult tasks. D) The presence of others enhances performance on simple tasks. E) Simple tasks are unaffected by the presence of others, but complex tasks are. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 30) Robert Zajonc and his colleagues (1969) employed the lowly cockroach in their studies of social facilitation. In the presence of other cockroaches, roaches would run faster down a straight-away to escape a bright light than they would alone, but took longer in the presence of a cockroach audience when the escape route was more complicated (i.e., when they had to run a maze). These findings support the idea that A) the presence of other members of a species improves performance on a well- learned response. B) cockroaches differ from humans in their response to other members of their species. C) the presence of other members of a species impedes performance on a well- learned response. D) cockroaches respond better than humans in the presence of other members of their species. E) members of even the most lowly species experience evaluation apprehension. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 219-220 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy

31) When people or roaches undertake a difficult task, the presence of others _______ performance; whereas when they undertake a simple task, the presence of others _______ performance. A) has no effect on; enhances B) diminishes; has no effect on C) enhances; impairs D) impairs; enhances E) enhances; has no effect on Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 219-220 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 32) According to the definition presented in the text, which of the following is an example of social facilitation? A) Hinton laughs louder at a comedian when he is the member of a live audience than when he watches the comedian on the television at home. B) Sanjay has mastered the material in his psychology course, but fails the exam in a crowded room. C) Amy, a novice golfer, performs especially poorly when she plays in a charity tournament with lots of people watching her. D) Bill, who tries bowling for the first time with his friends, rolls a near perfect game. E) Matthew, an inexperienced actor, gives a wonderful portrayal of Hamlet in front of a large audience. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 219-220 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 33) _______ refers to the tendency of people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when others are present. A) Contagion performance B) Social loafing C) Social facilitation D) Deindividuation E) Contingent performance Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 219-220 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 34) In order to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder performance, one needs two pieces of information, whether _______ and whether _______. A) individual performance can be evaluated; arousal is high or low. B) group performance can be evaluated; the group has a strong leader. C) arousal is present; one holds individualistic or collectivist values. D) individual performance can be evaluated; the task is simple or complex. E) arousal is high or low; the others are friends or strangers.

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Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 35) Both social facilitation and social loafing are manifestations of the influence that the presence of others has on our behaviours. These phenomena differ, however, in that presence of others _______ in social facilitation situations and _______ in social loafing situations. A) enhances performance on complex tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks B) decreases arousal; impairs performance on complex tasks C) impairs performance on simple tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks D) increases arousal; decreases arousal E) decreases arousal; increases arousal Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 36) You are a member of a group of five people whose task it is to address and stuff 1,000 envelopes for mailing. Research on _______ suggests that it would be better to give each person 200 envelopes to address and stuff the envelopes alone, whereas research on _______ suggests that it would be better to have everyone work on the task together in the same room. A) contagion; social loafing B) social loafing; deindividuation C) deindividuation; social loafing D) social facilitation; social loafing E) social loafing; social facilitation Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 37) _______ is the key to social facilitation effects, whereas _______ is the key to social loafing effects. A) Evaluation; arousal B) Relaxation; evaluation apprehension C) Arousal; relaxation D) Evaluation; deindividuation E) Relaxation; arousal Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 38) Mitch is about to provide expert testimony in court about the scientific research on false confessions. The judge, the lawyers, the jury, and many spectators in the courtroom will be listening to what he has to say. Fortunately, he has prepared a lot

for the trial, and has given expert testimony many times before. Because of ______________, the presence of the audience is likely to make Mitch perform ____________ if he was videotaping himself giving testimony alone at home. A) social facilitation; better than B) social loafing; better than C) social loafing; worse than D) social facilitation; worse than E) social facilitation; the same as Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 39) Robert Zajonc (1965) wrote an influential article in which he posited a theoretical explanation for the social facilitation effect. Elegantly simple, this explanation included what two steps? A) the presence of others is distracting → distractions make it more difficult to perform B) actors are concerned about evaluation → the most dominant response is activated C) performance of difficult tasks is arousing → arousal impedes performance D) the presence of others is arousing → arousal enhances performance E) the presence of others causes arousal → arousal makes it easier to do simple things and harder to do difficult or new things Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 220-221 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 40) Assume that you are playing pool at the student union when a group of people surround the table to watch you play. If you are _______ player, you would play _______ because of the arousing effects of their presence. A) a poor; better than you have in the past B) a mediocre; better than before C) an excellent; about the same D) an excellent; worse than usual E) an excellent; better than before Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 220-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 41) One explanation for why the presence of others leads to arousal is that in the presence of members of our own species, we become alert, vigilant, and mildly aroused. The beauty of this explanation is that it explains A) why people become concerned about how they are evaluated. B) the causes and consequences of social loafing. C) the causes of groupthink.

D) why other sources of arousal such as flashing lights have a similar effect. E) the results of studies with both humans and cockroaches. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 221-222 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 42) Which of the following explanations for social facilitation applies to humans but NOT to cockroaches? A) Humans are aroused at the prospect of evaluation. B) Humans are more likely to perform well on a simple task when aroused. C) Humans are more likely to perform their dominant response when aroused. D) Humans are distracted by a number of stimuli, including members of their own species. E) Humans are alert and aroused in the presence of other members of their species. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 221 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 43) A number of social psychologists have speculated on why the presence of others should lead to arousal. They have developed three explanatory theories. One is that arousal increases vigilance. Another is that arousal is distracting. Third, arousal A) increases self-awareness. B) makes us apprehensive about being evaluated. C) makes us anxious. D) decreases response latencies. E) releases stress hormones. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 221-222 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 44) If you wanted to determine whether evaluation apprehension or simple arousal accounts for social facilitation in humans, which of the following studies would you conduct? A) Loiter in a health club locker room, either with or without dark glasses, a white cane, and a seeing-eye dog, (or else hide in a locker); measure how long it takes people to dress after a shower. B) Ask people to solve easy or difficult crossword puzzles, either alone or with their friends; measure how long it takes them to solve the puzzles. C) Conduct either a complicated or simple survey, by phone or in person; measure how long it takes people to answer the questions. D) Ask people to participate in an archery exercise, either with friends or with strangers; count the number of bull’s-eyes they make. E) Ask people how they feel in a crowded classroom before a difficult exam. Answer: A

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Type: MC Page Ref: 221-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Difficult 45) Robert Baron (1986) has found that flashing lights can cause the same social facilitation effects as the presence of other people. These findings support the idea that _______ is the source of arousal that enhances performance on simple tasks. A) increased vigilance B) reactance C) distraction D) stress E) evaluation apprehension Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 221-222 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 46) The evaluation apprehension explanation for the source of arousal that produces social facilitation posits that _______ leads to increased arousal, and thus enhanced performance on simple tasks. A) the mere presence of others B) the presence of others who might judge us C) vigilance and divided attention D) anything that causes anxiety E) a social distraction such as a loud party Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 221 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 47) New Ph.D.’s who apply for jobs often report that they give better job talks in front of the hiring committee members whom they may never see again than they do during dress rehearsals for their supportive colleagues and professors before they leave for their interviews. These reports provide anecdotal evidence that A) the presence of others rarely enhances performance. B) the distraction of being in a new place serves as a source of arousal. C) evaluation apprehension may be a source of social facilitation. D) the presence of others facilitates social behaviours. E) if performance is to be enhanced, arousal must be optimal. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 221-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Difficult 48) _______ refers to the tendency of people to do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and when their individual performance cannot be evaluated. A) Social accountability B) Social inhibition C) Social facilitation D) Social loafing

E) Social norms Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 49) Joint class projects, voting in elections, and singing in unison are all examples of group activities that are likely to be affected by A) groupthink. B) social facilitation. C) social loafing. D) evaluation apprehension. E) deindividuation. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 50) Social loafing is most likely to occur when A) an improvisational comedy troupe performs. B) a team of computer scientists works on different sections of code to locate and correct errors in a program. C) a group is performing a task on which they will be individually evaluated. D) a team of volunteers stuffs envelopes for a large mailing. E) candidates for city council engage in a public debate. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 51) The resident assistant of a campus residence hall notices that when a team of five students is assigned to bathroom duty, the bathrooms are not as well cleaned as when only one student is assigned to clean them. What phenomenon does this example illustrate? A) social facilitation B) group decline C) social inhibition D) social loafing E) a minimal group paradigm Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 52) Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in social loafing? A) Phoebe, who works with her classmates on a difficult group assignment B) Troy, who has to write the forward of a novel he did not write C) Tim, who washes a car with his friends D) Danny, who struggles alone with a difficult calculus problem

E) Amanda, who sits alone in her office, licking stamps and placing them on envelopes Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 53) Social loafing is likely to impair performance _______ and to enhance performance _______. A) on complex tasks; when we’re with others. B) on simple tasks; on complex tasks. C) when we’re alone; when we’re with others. D) when we’re with others; when we’re alone. E) on complex tasks; on simple tasks. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 54) Group or team learning activities are becoming more common in the university setting and professors often assign students to work in groups. Given what you know about social loafing, what advice would you give a professor who is considering using group learning activities? A) For simple assignments, it’s better to assign a group grade. B) Beware of social loafing. It’s always better to have students work alone if you want them to do well. C) Make sure that the groups of students are cohesive and appoint their own leader. D) For simple assignments, it’s better to assign individual grades to students. E) Make sure that the groups are not too small. It’s better to have more students relying on one another. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 55) In social loafing, why is an individual’s performance on a task undertaken with others better on complex tasks than on simple tasks? A) There is less evaluation apprehension associated with simple tasks. B) It actually depends on how the task will be evaluated. C) When people become members of a group, they experience positive affect. D) When people realize that their performance cannot be monitored or evaluated, they relax. E) When people become members of a group, they are motivated to impress others. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate

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56) From what you know of social loafing, if subjects were asked to solve either simple or complex computer mazes, and were told either that their individual performances would be evaluated, or that their scores would be averaged with other participants’ scores. When participants thought their scores would be averaged with another’s, their performance would be expected to be _______ because they _______. A) better on difficult mazes; were more motivated. B) better on difficult mazes; were relaxed. C) better on simple mazes; were relaxed. D) worse on simple tasks; were aroused. E) better on difficult mazes; were aroused. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 57) When Jeffrey Jackson and Kip Williams (1985) had participants solve either simple or difficult mazes, those who believed that their scores would be averaged with another person’s performed better on difficult mazes than on simple mazes. These finding suggest that social loafing A) arises when we believe that we can be individually evaluated. B) impairs performance on simple tasks, but enhances performance on complex tasks. C) impairs performance on complex tasks, but enhances performance on simple tasks. D) is less likely when people focus more on the collective. E) impairs performance on both simple and complex tasks, but more for simple tasks. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 58) Steven Karau and Kipling Williams (1993) reviewed more than 150 studies on social loafing and found that the tendency to loaf is stronger in men than in women. Why is this true, according to the authors of your text? A) Men typically occupy positions of higher status than women. B) Women’s tasks are typically more complex than typical male tasks. C) Women are higher than men in relational interdependence. D) Men have more power than women and can therefore induce women to do more work. E) Women tend to feel more self-conscious in group. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 59) Many Asian cultures are collectivistic—they tend to place a greater emphasis on the welfare of the group than on the individual. Conversely, Western cultures tend to

stress individual performance more than that of the group. A reasonable hypothesis would be that the social loafing effect is A) stronger in collectivist cultures. B) slightly stronger in collectivist cultures, but still more dependent on individual personality differences. C) stronger in Western culture. D) almost nonexistent in collectivist cultures. E) unaffected by cultural norms. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 60) All other things being equal, _______ from _______ cultures would be most likely to engage in social loafing. A) women; Western B) women; Asian C) men; Western D) men and women; Asian E) men; Asian Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 61) _______ refers to the loosening of normal behavioural constraints when people are in a crowd, leading to increases in impulsive and deviant acts. A) Collective contagion B) Social facilitation C) Deindividuation D) Social loafing E) Collective anonymity Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 224 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 62) Consider the following destructive acts: soccer fans bludgeoning one another, fans at rock concerts trampling one another to death to secure good seats, and Klansmen lynching African-Americans. All of these are examples of the dangerous effects of A) anti-social contagion. B) group hysteria C) anti-social anonymity. D) deindividuation. E) hysterical contagion. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 224-225 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

63) Deindividuation is defined as the feeling of anonymity that often leads to A) contagion. B) prosocial behaviours. C) impulsive deviant acts. D) social loafing. E) social facilitation Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 224 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 64) There is a powerful scene in the classic film To Kill a Mockingbird . Atticus Finch, a small town lawyer, is on the courthouse steps standing guard over Tom Robinson, an African-American prisoner who he is defending. A mob of townspeople and local farmers approaches the courthouse, demanding that Atticus turn over Robinson; they are intent on administering their own form of vigilante justice. Suddenly, Atticus’s young daughter Scout steps forward. She doesn’t understand what’s about to happen, and begins to address people in the crowd, “Hey, Mr. Cunningham. How’s your boy? I like Walter, but I haven't seen him in awhile.” As Scout innocently addresses a number of individuals in the crowd, they begin to leave one-by-one, until the whole lynch mob is disbanded. This classic movie scene best illustrates which social psychological phenomenon? A) social facilitation B) diffusion of responsibility C) the bystander effect D) social loafing E) deindividuation Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 224-225 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 65) Consider the following anti-social acts: European soccer fans sometimes attack and bludgeon players and other fans, in the U.S. mobs of whites would lynch African- Americans, and in Canada a young man was beaten to death by a group of disguised youths. What do these situations have in common? A) They reflect mass actions caused by relative deprivation. B) They demonstrate the tragedies sometimes caused by anonymity. C) They represent the downside of social facilitation. D) They reflect extreme examples of social loafing. E) They represent an unexpected hazard of group cohesion. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 224-225 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 66) Brian Mullen’s (1986) analysis of newspaper accounts revealed that the larger the lynch mob, the more savagely the mobs murdered their victims. Robert Watson’s (1973) cross-cultural study revealed that warriors wearing face or body paint were

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more likely to torture or kill captives than warriors who wore no “war paint.” These findings suggest that one reason why mobs often commit heinous acts is that the individuals involved A) experience a reduction in self-esteem and lose sight of their moral standards. B) become more self-aware and act on their feelings of rage and frustration. C) fall prey to social facilitation effects when they become aroused. D) feel anonymous and thus less accountable for their actions. E) fall prey to social loafing effects when they become aroused. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 224-225 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 67) Joe has just read chapter 8 on group processes and is now relaxing, watching football with his girlfriend. She finally understands the concept of “downs” and “turnovers,” and moves on to other questions. “If football is a team sport, how come they have the players’ names on their uniforms?” she asks Joe. Assuming that the material in chapter 8 is still accessible in his memory, Joe wonders, A) “Maybe to keep them from playing too mean and dirty.” B) “Maybe to help sort the laundry.” C) “Maybe so the announcer knows who made the play.” D) “Maybe to make it easier for the quarterback to spot the receivers.” E) “Maybe so individual players can be recognized by the fans.” Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 224-225 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 68) Which is NOT a reason that deindividuation could lead to impulsive or destructive acts? A) When others are present, or when you are wearing a uniform, there is a lower chance that any individual can be identified and blamed. B) Self-awareness is reduced, and this shifts attention away from individuals’ internal moral standards. C) Deindividuation leads people to be more likely to obey the group’s norms. D) Deindividuation always increases physiological arousal and, consequently, aggressiveness. E) When people are following group norms, they are less likely to follow other norms, like the norm that it is wrong to hurt others. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 224-225 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 69) For Halloween, Jeff wears a sheet and goes to a party as a ghost. How is this costume likely to influence his behaviour? A) He will be more likely to monitor his own behaviour. B) He will feel less like himself, causing him to reaffirm his own moral standards. C) He will feel less personally accountable for his behaviour.

D) He will feel self-conscious and be less likely to interact with others. E) He will focus more attention on himself, causing greater self-awareness. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 225 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 70) Deindividuation A) often has the same effects as social facilitation. B) always results in negative behaviours. C) results in people feeling that there is little chance that they will be caught for behaving badly. D) increases self-awareness, but greatly reduces a person’s feelings of accountability for his or her behaviour. E) can be reduced by inducing people to pay attention to the people around them. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 225 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 71) Most social psychologists agree that which of the following are two causes of deindividuation? A) people become frustrated and people pay less attention to their environment B) people feel less accountable and people pay less attention to their moral standards C) people pay less attention to their environment and people feel anonymous in a group D) people become frustrated and people feel less accountable for acting on their frustration E) people feel less accountable and people use others to shoulder the blame Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 225 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 72) One reason that deindividuation often leads to impulsive or destructive behaviours is that the presence of many other people can reduce self-awareness, thus making people A) feel less accountable for their actions. B) feel less accountable for the actions of the group. C) forget their internal values or moral standards. D) less likely to contribute to group decisions. E) feel more frustrated, which increases the impulse towards aggression. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 225 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 73) Ivan Steiner (1972) has defined _______ as any aspect of group interaction that impedes good problem-solving. A) social facilitation

B) collective obstacles C) communicative friction D) process loss E) social loafing Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 226 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 74) Adam is part of a group organized to increase blood donations in a local community. As a social psychologist, Adam has a relevant background in persuasion tactics, but his group members fail to realize the important contributions he could make. This scenario is an example of A) a task orientation to problem solving. B) poor leadership. C) process loss. D) intragroup conflict. E) goal misdirection Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 226 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 75) Ellen and Gene had a disagreement before an important meeting and carried their argument into the meeting. They wouldn’t listen to one another and were highly critical of each other’s contributions. This example best illustrates A) affective spillover. B) intragroup conflict C) disjunctive styles. D) antagonistic task performance. E) process loss. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 226 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 76) Normative conformity pressures can impair performance of a group in a problem- solving task because A) only shared information is discussed. B) social loafing is encouraged. C) the weakest members of the group generally attempt to contribute the most. D) such conformity interferes with risk-taking tendencies. E) expert members are discouraged from disagreeing with others. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 226 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 77) In one condition of an experiment conducted by Gerald Stasser (Stasser & Titus, 1985), all group members had access to the same information, and in another

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condition, members had unique information that other group members didn’t know. In the second (unshared information) condition, the group made a worse decision than in the first (shared information) condition. This occurred because groups A) often engage in social loafing. B) seldom can agree on who is most expert. C) avoid differences of opinion, given conformity pressures. D) often ignore dissenting opinions. E) focus discussion on the information that all members know. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 226-227 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 78) One way to deal with process loss and therefore enable the group to come up with correct solution to a problem is A) to work towards integrative solutions. B) to make sure that all members pool the available information. C) to have a charismatic leader D) for all members to criticize each other’s ideas. E) for all members take turns at a leadership role. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 226-227 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 79) Decision-making groups are most likely to share unique information when A) members are assigned areas of expertise. B) they seek consensus. C) the leader is charismatic. D) their task is additive. E) the leader is relationship-oriented. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 227 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 80) According to Irving Janis (1972, 1982), groupthink occurs when groups value _______ over _______. A) strong leadership; weak leadership. B) cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts. C) invulnerability; accuracy. D) efficiency; a common goal. E) as many alternatives as possible; a common goal. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 227 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 81) Which of the following is NOT an antecedent of groupthink? A) high cohesiveness

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B) group isolation C) social roles D) directive leader E) high stress Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 227-228 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 82) The phenomenon of groupthink is most likely to occur when a group is under stress, highly _______, and when the leader is very _______. A) diplomatic; cohesive. B) cohesive; directive. C) motivated; relationship-oriented. D) cohesive; diplomatic. E) motivated; feared. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 227-228 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 83) Which of the following statements is true about groupthink? A) The group keeps changing its mind in response to outside pressures. B) “Esprit de corps” (morale) tends to be low. C) The leader tends to be process oriented. D) High group cohesiveness is necessary for groupthink, but other conditions are also required. E) The group feels vulnerable and indecisive about its options. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 227-229 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 84) Jennifer is the leader of a college student group whose goal is to steal the mascot of a rival university the week before the big football game. In planning the heist, Jennifer should _______ to prevent groupthink and ensure that her group is successful in devising the best possible plan. A) take a strong directive role as their leader B) seek the opinions of trustworthy nongroup members C) ensure that all members of the group are completely committed D) assess group members’ opinions frequently using show-of-hand voting E) create a unified, cohesive membership to devise strategies together Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 227-229 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 85) The text suggests that the Meech Lake Accord failed because the entire process was negatively affected by groupthink. Which of the following factors was NOT an issue that contributed to groupthink?

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A) The process was described by the participants as being extremely stressful. B) Only the small group of politicians was present for any of the discussion. C) There was little time after the private discussion to consider alternatives before the Accord came up for ratification. D) The leader, Prime Minister Mulroney, was a directive leader. E) The leader, Prime Minister Mulroney, was more focused on ensuring that dissenters conformed than making sure the group reached an optimal decision. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 227-230 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Difficult 86) In order to avoid the phenomenon of groupthink, the leader of a group should A) form subgroups that discuss the problem separately. B) state his or her opinions forcefully. C) discourage the input of opinions from those outside the group. D) discourage group dissent. E) encourage the importance of group cohesiveness. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 229 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 87) Compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are A) less stable. B) more extreme. C) less risky. D) more accurate. E) more conservative. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 230-231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 88) _______ refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of their individual members. A) Negotiation B) Groupthink C) The risky shift D) Contagion E) Group polarization Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 230-231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 89) Early studies of group decision-making demonstrated that groups made riskier decisions than individuals do. The concept of “risky shift” was born. Later studies,

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however, revealed that group decisions are not necessarily more risky than individual decisions; instead, they are more extreme . The concept of _______ was born. A) decisional instability B) group polarization C) culture-value theory D) social loafing E) extremity shift Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 230-231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 90) Nan had pretty much made up her mind before a group discussion. During the discussion, however, she thinks to herself, “I think I’ll hang back and see how the others feel about it. I don’t want them to think I'm nuts or anything.” Nan’s thoughts best reflect the _______ interpretation of group polarization. A) social loafing B) social comparison C) persuasive arguments D) deviance avoidance E) accuracy motive Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 230-231 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 91) Group discussion often pushes people’s initial individual decisions to the extreme, yielding group polarization. According to the persuasive arguments interpretation, this is because A) individuals work to maintain the self-esteem of the rest of the group members. B) others bring up perspectives or issues that the individual hadn’t considered. C) individuals bolster their initial beliefs when they make their case to others. D) individuals are motivated to be accepted by other members of the group. E) individuals work to reduce the dissonance aroused when other people disagree with them. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 92) Two different interpretations have been proposed to explain group polarization. The persuasive arguments interpretation is to _______ as the social comparison interpretation is to _______. A) groupthink; adaptive decision-making. B) task-oriented leader; relationship-oriented leader. C) risky shift; conservative shift. D) gaining information; being liked. E) relationship-oriented leader; task-oriented leader.

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Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 93) According to a social comparison interpretation, group polarization tends to occur because individuals can present themselves in a more _______ light by taking slightly more _______ positions than the norm of the group. A) positive; extreme B) positive; conservative C) positive; cautious D) negative; extreme E) negative; risky Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 94) Proponents of the _______ theory of leadership assume that certain key personality traits (e.g., decisiveness, intelligence, compassion) make someone a good leader. A) democratic B) autocratic C) situational D) contingency E) great person Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 95) “Who would make a great president? Someone who is uncompromisingly true to her (or his) values, assertive, intelligent, articulate, courageous, and passionate, that’s who.” The previous quote reflects the application of the _______ theory of leadership. A) democratic B) contingency C) autocratic D) great person E) culture-value Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 231-232 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 96) “Mario is decisive, assertive, and yet will consider different points of view before making a decision. He would make an excellent chair of this committee.” The previous quote reflects the application of the _______ theory of leadership. A) culture-value B) great person C) contingency D) democratic

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E) contingency Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 231-232 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 97) Which of the following has NOT been identified as a common characteristic of leaders, according to research presented in the text? A) Leaders tend to be more intelligent than non-leaders. B) Leaders tend to be more socially-skilled than non-leaders. C) Leaders tend to be more extroverted than non-leaders. D) Leaders tend to be more ruthless than non-leaders. E) Leaders tend to be more open to new experiences than non-leaders. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 98) Suedfeld and colleagues identified _______ as related to leadership ability among Canadian prime ministers and leaders. A) persuasiveness B) prolific writing C) task orientation D) integrative complexity E) dominance Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 232 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 99) __________ leaders set clear, short-term goals and reward followers who meet them; __________ leaders inspire followers to focus on common long-term goals. A) Transactional; communal B) Task-oriented; relationship-oriented C) Transactional; transformational D) Transformational; relational E) Relationship-oriented; task oriented Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 232 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 100) Ted is a manager who effectively motivates his employees to complete their short- term projects in a timely manner without sacrificing quality. Ted always rewards the employees who meet these goals. Ted has a__________ leadership style. A) paternalistic B) transactional C) relationship-oriented D) transformational

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E) communal Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 232 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 101) Ann is a leader who inspires her employees to look at the broad, long-term goals of her company. She is able to get her employees to find a common goal and she really thinks outside of the box. Ann’s leadership style is best described as A) transformational. B) task-oriented. C) relationship-oriented. D) transactional. E) communal. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 232-233 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 102) The leader who would be most effective is one who A) uses a transactional leadership style. B) uses a transformational leadership style. C) uses the right leadership style for the situation. D) uses a task-oriented or relationship-oriented leadership style, depending on the gender of the employee. E) breaks through the glass ceiling but avoids the glass cliff. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 233-234 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 103) With regard to leadership, most social psychologists would agree that A) in large part, some people are born to be leaders. B) personal characteristics are irrelevant to good leadership. C) good leadership is a function of the situation and personal characteristics. D) the specific situation determines the success of leaders. E) people concerned with the emotional well-being of their followers are better leaders. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 233-234 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 104) Most social psychologists would agree that A) ironically, the best leaders are those who do not see themselves as influential. B) intelligent people make the best leaders, so long as they are open-minded. C) those who seek power and influence are never good leaders. D) the most effective leaders are those who seek power and influence.

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E) it is difficult to predict who will make a good leader based on personal attributes alone. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 105) Research by Suedfeld and colleagues indicates that truly great leaders A) show a decrease in integrative complexity in a crisis. B) show recovery in integrative complexity in a crisis. C) show an increase in integrative complexity in a crisis. D) demonstrate that integrative complexity is irrelevant in a crisis. E) show stable integrative complexity in a crisis. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 106) Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership assumed that there are two kinds of leaders: _______ and _______ leaders. A) task-oriented; relationship-oriented B) democratic-oriented; autocratic-oriented C) future-oriented; present-oriented D) autocratic-oriented; orthodox E) orthodox; unorthodox Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 233-234 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 107) A(n) _______ leader is more concerned with getting the job done than with the feelings of and relationships between workers. A) democratic B) autonomous C) goal-oriented D) control-oriented E) task-oriented Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 108) A(n) _______ leader is primarily concerned with workers’ feelings and relationships with one another. A) relationship-oriented B) contingency C) emotion-oriented D) goal-oriented

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E) collectivistic Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 109) According to Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership, in _______ situations, the leader has good relationships with subordinates, is perceived as powerful, and directs structured and well-defined tasks. A) autocratic B) ambiguous C) low control D) contingent E) high control Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 110) According to Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership, in _______ situations, the leader has poor relationships with subordinates and directs tasks that are not clearly defined. A) contingent B) despotic C) low control D) all E) high control Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 111) Marsha has been promoted to the supervisor position in her company. She has had a good working relationship with her subordinates, they all highly respect her, and the goals for her team have been clearly defined by the company. In order to be an effective leader in this situation, Marsha should focus on A) maintaining close interpersonal ties with her subordinates. B) the accomplishment of the team’s assigned tasks. C) maintaining group solidarity. D) casting the team accomplishments as personal victories. E) cultivating certain key characteristics, such as self-confidence. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 112) The president of the Noodle Dome Charitable Trust has just resigned in disgrace, leaving the workings of the organization pretty much on track, but also leaving a large number of employees angry and upset. Bolstered by his previous successes in

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turning things around, Fred has stepped in to fill the president’s role. Fred should adopt a _______ of leadership in this case. A) task-oriented style B) contingency style C) relationship-oriented style D) disjunctive-oriented style E) autocratic Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 233-234 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 113) Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership posits that “moderate control” situations call for a relationship-oriented leader. By this he means that a relationship-oriented leader is needed when A) productivity is acceptable, but interpersonal friction is occurring. B) confusion and chaos halt productivity. C) poor working conditions cause low staff morale. D) workers have moderate control over conditions of employment. E) there is task ambiguity. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 233-234 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 114) A _______ leader would be most effective in dealing with mean-spirited inter-office competition and employee pettiness in an organization that is otherwise productive. A) relationship-oriented B) contingency-oriented C) disjunctive task D) charismatic E) task-oriented Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 233-234 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 115) James manages a team of employees for a company that is highly organized, well controlled, and high in employee satisfaction. In this situation, there is a greater need for a _______ leader than a _______ leader. A) feminine; masculine B) feminine; task-oriented C) masculine; task-oriented D) task-oriented; relationship-oriented E) relationship-oriented; task-oriented Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 233-234 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy

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116) A leadership style that is warm, helpful, kind, and concerned with the welfare of others is ________, while a leadership style that is assertive, controlling, independent, dominant and self-confident is ________. A) independent; dependent. B) dependent; independent. C) agentic; communal. D) communal; agentic. E) transformational; task oriented. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 234-236 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 117) According to your textbook, all of the following are true with respect to women and leadership EXCEPT A) if women conform to expectations of how they “should” behave, they are not seen as having leadership potential; if they become leaders and act in an agentic fashion, they are seen as not acting how a woman “should.” B) women are even harsher towards other women who act counter to the feminine role than men are. C) prejudice toward women leaders appears to be lessening over time. D) there is growing recognition that effective leaders of either sex must be able to act in both an agentic and a communal fashion. E) when in a leadership position, women tend to be appointed to lead departments that are in crisis, increasing the probability that they will fail. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 234-236 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 118) When women are chosen for leadership positions over units or departments in crisis, A) this is referred to as breaking the glass cliff, because women are now in leadership positions. B) this is referred to as the glass cliff, because the chance of any leader failing in such a position is higher. C) this is breaking the glass ceiling, because the chance of any leader failing in such a position is lower. D) this is referred to as the glass ceiling, because men are denied leadership positions. E) this is referred to as the glass cliff, because success is difficult but leads to high rewards. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 234-236 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 119) According to the authors of your text, women in leadership positions are in a double bind. If they conform to social expectations about how to behave and are warm and communal, they may be seen as having low leadership potential, then, when they are

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given the opportunity to lead and they ______________, they are perceived negatively. A) turn it down to raise their children B) beat men for managerial positions C) act in agentic, assertive ways D) have at least a bachelor’s degree E) fail to be transformational Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 234-236 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 120) Dr. Garrett is Chris’s supervisor at work. If Dr. Garrett is a transformational leader, under what conditions is Chris most likely to give Dr. Garrett an unfavorable evaluation? If Dr. Garrett is _______ and Chris is _______. A) male; female. B) male; male. C) female; male. D) male or female; female. E) female; female. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 234-235 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 121) Novelist Stephen King’s interesting approach to publishing a new novel by asking people to remit $1 for installments that they download is cited as an example of a(n) A) tit-for-tat strategy. B) integrative solution. C) prisoner’s dilemma. D) negotiating tactic. E) social dilemma. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 237-238 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 122) Which of the following is a “social dilemma” as defined by your text? A) Fred must decide between buying himself a present or contributing his money toward a family vacation. B) Beatrice has to choose between going to a movie with a friend or staying home to prepare for a presentation. C) A country is in the middle of a civil war between forces that support a dictator and forces that advocate free elections. D) Lisa has six close friends, but is told by her mother than she can only invite four friends to her birthday party.. E) Mary must choose between going to the dance with Eric or going with Tom. Answer: A

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Type: MC Page Ref: 237-238 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 123) A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual, if chosen by most people, has harmful effects on everyone is called A) tit-for-tat strategy. B) the commons dilemma. C) forced choice. D) a social dilemma. E) an integrative solution. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 237 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 124) Marcia and Juan are playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Marcia decides to pay attention to whether Juan decides to cooperate or compete, and choose whatever option Juan chose in the next round that they play. Marcia has selected a _____________ strategy in the game. A) rat-a-tat B) threat C) tit-for-tat D) integrative E) negotiation Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 237-239 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 125) The Prisoner’s Dilemma game is an excellent vehicle for studying social conflicts in the laboratory because A) researchers can systematically vary the strategies participants use. B) there are clear winners and clear losers, and thus reliable dependent variable measures. C) there is one and only one right answer to the problem. D) people’s actions in the game seem to mirror many conflicts in real life. E) the variables of the game are clearly defined. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 238 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 126) The key to success in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game is to A) respond randomly. B) negotiate with one’s partner. C) trust one’s partner. D) withdraw when one’s partner chooses a competitive response. E) be aggressive. Answer: C

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Type: MC Page Ref: 238 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 127) Under certain conditions, people will choose the cooperative option when playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. For example, when a player _______, that player will be more likely to play cooperatively. A) begins competitively and switches to cooperative responses B) resolves the public good dilemma C) expects to interact with his or her partner in the future D) begins cooperatively and switches to competitive responses E) punishes his or her partner after a competitive response Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 238 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 128) When it comes to social dilemmas such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game, the tit- for-tat strategy A) employs consistent responses, independent of the partner’s response. B) is likely to elicit competitive responses from a partner. C) involves secret verbal communications with one’s partner. D) tends to lead to losses for both partners. E) is a means of increasing cooperation. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 238 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 129) During a psychology experiment, Chad and Wilma are asked to compete in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. As shown below, Wilma goes first, and after four rounds, the results are as follows: Wilma: cooperate defect defect cooperate Chad: defect defect cooperate cooperate As revealed in the pattern of responses above, Wilma is probably using a _______ strategy. A) random response B) passive response C) adversarial response D) tit-for-tat E) dominant response Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 238-239 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 130) Research on social dilemmas by Kiyonari and Barclay (2008) found that cooperators were ____________________ free loaders. A) treated better than B) viewed more positively than C) viewed more negatively than

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D) treated the same as E) treated worse than Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 239 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 131) Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss (1960, 1962) found that cooperation between adversaries is most likely to occur when A) only one side has the power to make threats. B) neither side is able to make a threat. C) both sides can communicate and only one side can make a threat D) both sides are able to make threats. E) communication is required. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 239-240 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 132) The Trucking Game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1960, 1962) puts participants in a conflict situation. Each participant wants to get his or her truck to the destination as quickly as possible. Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss introduced a novel twist. They sometimes gave one participant a gate with which to threaten an opponent. At other times, they gave both participants such a gate, and still other times, neither participant had a gate with which to threaten his or her opponent. What happened? A) When only one participant could wield a threat, both participants lost money. B) When both participants wielded threats (used gates to block their opponents), they negotiated and reached a cooperative arrangement. C) When only one participant could wield threats, the game typically ended in a stalemate. D) When only one participant wielded a threat (used the gate to block the opponent), the person with the gate won more money. E) When both participants could wield threats, both participants won more. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 240 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 133) In the early trucking studies by Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss (1960, 1962), it was found that allowing the competing participants to communicate during the game A) increased the profits for the participant that could wield threats. B) distracted the participants from the goal of the game. C) raised the profits gained for each participant by a large margin. D) did not foster trust and cooperation. E) increased trust and cooperation dramatically. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 240-241 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy

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134) Why did allowing (and even requiring) participants to communicate when they played the Trucking Game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1962) fail to engender trust and cooperation? A) Participants were more interested in general conversation than the game itself. B) Participants became so caught up in the competitive game that they forgot to communicate with their opponents. C) Participants could never figure out how to use the intercom. D) Participants used communication primarily as means of threatening their opponents. E) Participants were not allowed to bargain or negotiate in their communications. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 240-241 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 135) When participants in the Trucking Game were allowed to communicate with one another (Deutsch & Krauss, 1962), such communication seldom ensured cooperation. Why? A) Participants communicated via intercom, and couldn’t see the response of their opponents. B) They were not allowed to bargain or negotiate in their communications. C) The participants actually refused to communicate with one another. D) The communication was one-way, and two-way communication is essential for resolving conflicts. E) Communication is only helpful in conflict situations when people work to establish trust. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 240-241 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 136) _______ is a form of communication between adversaries, wherein parties make offers and counteroffers until a solution acceptable to both parties is reached. A) Conflict resolution B) An integrative approach C) Negotiation D) Conflict management E) Haggling Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 241 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 137) Norm and Vera are feuding over where to go out to dinner. Norm wants to go to Burger King for a Whopper, but Vera wants to go to Pizza Hut for pizza. Finally, exchanging a series of proposals and counterproposals, they settle on a new diner in town that has both pizza and hamburgers. This situation is an example of A) negotiation.

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B) process loss. C) social loafing D) an integrative solution. E) a choice dilemma. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 241-242 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 138) Integrative solutions are A) rarely achievable. B) frequently imposed by mediators. C) a means to find outcomes favourable to both parties. D) common to zero-sum conflicts. E) generally resisted by both parties. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 241 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 139) Negotiation as a means of resolving conflict doesn't work as often as it might because in most conflicts A) adversaries tend to overlook the possibility of both parties achieving a favourable outcome. B) adversaries refuse to involve objective mediators. C) one party has more power than the other. D) adversaries tend to overestimate the amount of trust they should have for one another. E) adversaries refuse to communicate with one another. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 241 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 140) Integrative solutions to conflict are most likely to be reached when A) communication between adversaries is limited to mediators. B) adversaries understand their opponents’ priorities. C) adversaries compromise on all issues brought to the bargaining table. D) arbitrators are used to facilitate communication. E) there are no other alternatives. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 241-242 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 141) Luke and Laura have been dating off and on for years and have finally decided to break it off for good. Which of the following best illustrates an integrative solution to their dilemma of dividing up their possessions? A) They decide to randomly divide their possessions in half and then flip a coin to see who gets which half.

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B) They decide to split the possessions strictly by monetary value. C) Laura, the music lover of the two, gets the stereo, while Luke, the gourmet chef, gets all of the fancy pots and pans. D) They agree to let Pedro, a mutual friend, mediate the dispute and decide on the fairness of the negotiations. E) They agree to flip a coin and let the winner choose to take the ten items he or she most wants. Answer: C Type: MC Page Ref: 241-242 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 142) Social facilitation is most likely to occur when A) individual efforts cannot be assessed. B) the task is simple and well-learned. C) the task is difficult and the individual efforts can be assessed. D) the presence of others relaxes you. E) the task is difficult and involving. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 242 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 143) You are the leader of a labour union on strike against management. The conflict has escalated, and there is anger and mistrust on both sides of the conflict. Management is about to declare bankruptcy and union strike benefits are running low. You want to resolve the conflict as quickly as possible, and to reach an agreement that both sides will accept as binding. What should you do? A) Accept a process loss. B) Hire a mediator. C) Use a tit-for-tat strategy. D) Threaten management with a strike. E) Push for a quid pro quo solution. Answer: B Type: MC Page Ref: 242 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 144) Steven Karau and Kipling Williams (1993) conducted a review of over 150 studies of social loafing. They found that in general, the tendency to engage in social loafing is greater in men than in women because A) women tend to feel more pressure in groups. B) women tend to feel more self-conscious in group. C) men tend to feel more anonymous in groups. D) men tend to feel less self-conscious in groups. E) women tend to hold more collectivistic values. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 246 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy

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145) The Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire (CDQ) is often used in research on individual versus group decision-making. This instrument is designed to A) measure individuals’ propensity to take risks in social situations. B) prevent groupthink in highly cohesive groups. C) enable group members to record their reactions to discussions. D) identify the most appropriate leader for the task at hand. E) prevent social loafing. Answer: A Type: MC Page Ref: 2301 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 146) Bradley and colleagues (2002) followed Canadian Forces officer candidates over a five-year period. Which of the following personality variables did they find to be predictive of good leadership in the armed forces? A) flexibility B) process orientation C) intelligence D) charisma E) They found little relationship between personality variables and leadership ability. Answer: E Type: MC Page Ref: 2312 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 147) What is a group and what distinguishes it from a collection of people occupying the same space? Answer: A group consists of two or more people who interact with one another and are interdependent in the sense that they must rely on one another to pursue their goals. Note that members of social groups do not need to be in the same place at the same time (e.g., participants in a conference call, students having lunch, sports teams). This differs from a collection of people in the same place at the same time that is not interacting with one another (e.g., fans at a baseball game, passengers on an airplane, audience members at a movie). Type: ES Page Ref: 214 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 148) According to Robert Zajonc’s (1969, 1980) social facilitation theory, would you play pool better alone or when others are observing you? Explain your answer. Answer: It all depends on how good a pool player you are or on how difficult the shot is. Social facilitation theory posits that the presence of other members of our species causes vigilance and arousal, and that the arousal, in turn, facilitates good performance on easy or well-learned tasks, but impedes performance on difficult or not-so-well learned tasks. If you are a good pool player, you would probably play

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better when others are observing you. If you are a poor pool player, the arousal caused by others’ presence would probably cause you to play worse than if you played alone. Type: ES Page Ref: 219-222 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Easy 149) Social facilitation and social loafing are two very different phenomena that occur in the presence of other people. When does each occur, and what determines whether performance is enhanced or diminished? Answer: To predict whether social facilitation or social loafing will occur, we first need to know whether individual performance will be evaluated. If it will be evaluated, social facilitation is likely to occur. If it will not be evaluated, social loafing will likely occur. To determine whether social facilitation and social loafing will increase or diminish performance, we need to know something about task difficulty. In social facilitation situations, performance on simple tasks is enhanced, whereas performance on complex tasks is diminished. In social loafing situations, just the opposite occurs—performance on complex tasks is enhanced, whereas performance on simple tasks is diminished. Type: ES Page Ref: 219-224 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 150) You will be working with a group of students on a class project soon, and your instructor lets you choose who you would want in your group. Based on the established gender and cultural differences in terms of social loafing, who would you most want in your group, and why? Answer: I would most want to choose women and students from collectivist cultures (Asia, South America). This is because women tend to have a more relational sense of interdependence and are more likely to focus on what will benefit the group than men. People from collectivistic cultures also tend to behave in ways that benefit groups they belong to, which in turn makes them less likely to loaf. [Note that if students say, “Asian women” or “women from collectivist cultures,” this can be considered incorrect without the proper rationale. The effects of gender and culture are not additive. That is, women from collectivist cultures are not necessarily less likely to loaf than men from collectivist cultures.] Type: ES Page Ref: 223-224 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

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151) What is deindividuation, and why does it occur, sometimes leading to riots or vigilante justice? Answer: Deindividuation is the reduction of the normal constraints on behaviour when people are part of a crowd. This lessening of normal restraints on destructive behaviour occurs for at least two reasons. First, when individuals become a member of a crowd, they become relatively anonymous and are less likely to be singled out for individual blame. A second cause of deindividuation is that when people become part of a crowd, they are more likely to focus attention on other people and events and are therefore less likely to be self-aware; this lack of self-awareness means that individuals will be less likely to look inward, to their own values and standards, for guides to appropriate behaviour. Type: ES Page Ref: 224-225 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 152) You have agreed to lead a group of students who will advise the university president on a matter of great concern to students. More specifically, the president has asked you to come up with a way to encourage students to complete their undergraduate degrees in under five years. A lot rides on what you advise the university president. According to the text, what might you as a leader do to prevent groupthink from causing you to make defective decisions in your group discussions? Answer: Four strategies can help me as the leader to avoid the groupthink trap. 1) I will not take a directive role in terms of the issues involved but will try to remain impartial. 2) I will invite outside opinions from people who are not members of my committee. 3) The committee will be broken into subgroups initially to discuss different aspects of the situation before meeting together. 4) As we move towards a decision I will seek anonymous feedback from the group members in order to elicit their true opinions without fear of group recriminations. These strategies should prevent the extreme group cohesiveness that causes faulty decision-making. Type: ES Page Ref: 227-230 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 153) What is group polarization? Make sure to describe the cognitive and motivational factors that contribute to group polarization. Answer: Group polarization is the tendency of groups to arrive at more extreme positions (either risky or conservative) than the initial inclinations of individual group members. According to the persuasive arguments interpretation, polarization may occur because during discussions individual members will provide arguments or information that other members may not have considered. When these arguments support individuals’ initial inclinations, they will become more extreme in their attitudes or recommendations. According to the social comparison alternative,

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individual group members will work to get a sense of how other group members are feeling, and in order to be liked, they will take a position similar to others’, only a little more extreme. Type: ES Page Ref: 230-231 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 154) Compare the great person theory of leadership with Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership. With which theory would a social psychologist be most likely to agree? Answer: The great person theory of leadership maintains that there are certain key personality traits or characteristics (e.g., intelligence, motivation) that make a person a good leader, regardless of the kind of situation confronting the leader. In other words, this theory posits that situations do not make a difference in who is a good leader. The contingency theory of leadership maintains that what makes a good leader depends both on characteristics of the leader (i.e., task-oriented versus relationship-oriented) and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group (to some extent, what types of leaders are more effective also depends on gender). Because the contingency theory takes into account both the person and the situation, most social psychologists prefer this theory. Type: ES Page Ref: 231-234 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 155) According to former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell, women seeking leadership roles may find themselves in a lose-lose situation. Explain. Answer: If women conform to society’s expectations about how women stereotypically ought to behave (i.e. being warm and communal), they are often perceived to have low leadership potential. If they become leaders and act in ways that are expected of leaders (i.e. being assertive and forceful) they are often perceived negatively for not being feminine enough. In addition research has shown that there is an increased likelihood that women will be called in to lead during crisis situations. This sets up a glass cliff for women, whereby they are more likely to fail as leaders, creating very high costs if they do manage to break through the glass ceiling. Type: ES Page Ref: 234-236 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 156) What is negotiation? What are integrative solutions? What factors work against integrative solutions when opponents negotiate? Answer: Negotiation is a form of communication between opponents in which offers and counteroffers are made. Negotiation is defined as successful when the opponents reach a solution acceptable to both parties. One result of negotiations is often an integrative solution. An integrative solution is one in which opponents make tradeoffs on issues based on their different interests; such solutions involve

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opponents conceding the most on issues that are relatively unimportant to them but that are important to the opponents. Among the threats to achieving integrative solutions are biased perceptions of opponents, mistrust of opponents’ proposals, and failure to discover opponents’ true interests. Type: ES Page Ref: 241-242 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy

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