Assesment 3_Samuel_Moreno

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Assessment 3: Business and Indigenous Culture Intersect: An Introduction Name: Samuel Moreno Student ID: 20732943 Student Email: Samuel.moreno@student.curtin.edu.au Name of TA: Maree Hoban Tutorial Day & Time: Tuesday, 4-6 Study Period & Campus: Semester 1 2022, Campus Title: Assessment 3_Samuel_Moreno Word Count: 1822 Pre-Submission Checklist. This checklist is a practical reminder to help students before submitting their assessment as well as to note our shared commitment to academic integrity, which is especially appropriate in our ethics focused units. “Integrity is an important virtue and one that shows both our respect for others and that we value our character, seeing it as an important element of the good life” J. Boaks & M. Baldwin “I can confirm that I have:” 1. Ensured that file name for the document I am uploading to Turnitin contains my full name. E.g., "Assessment 1_John_Smith" ☒ 2. Used quotation marks (“…”) to indicate all direct quotes from authors and used in text references to cite these in line with Chicago referencing standards (including page numbers) ☒ 3. Used in text references to cite paraphrasing and ideas from authors in line with Chicago referencing standards (including page numbers indicating where those ideas come from the in text cited) ☒ 4. Included a complete Chicago formatted “References” list at the end of this case study, in alphabetical order by author name. ☒ 1

5. This assignment is my own original work, except where I have appropriately cited the original source. ☒ 2

Summary Covid-19 is a deadly disease that has affected the whole world. In Australia the most at risk are the Indigenous Australians when compared to the non-Indigenous Australians. For the Indigenous it has affected their communities, businesses, and the way they are seen within Australia (economic viewpoint). With all that happening they are in need of help from our governments and us which is why we as a country need to start helping our native rural communities more. Introduction All around the world, Indigenous communities and people have seen the most suffering than anyone else in the world due to Covid-19. Covid-19 is an infectious disease that rose in the world in 2020. This disease is airborne and spreads via the small liquid particles of our breathe (Australian Government, 2021). Most people who do get Covid-19 get moderate symptoms which don’t require any special treatments, but for some it can become deadly and require serious medical treatment. Covid-19 has affected the whole world as people who get sick can’t work affecting businesses and the economy. For these Indigenous peoples the biggest concerns from Covid-19 are the aftereffects this disease will have on their communities, the impact it will have on Indigenously owned businesses whether they are small or large and whether the economical gap between indigenous and non-indigenous will close or become larger due to this disastrous time. Community Impact For the Indigenous communities they have been at considerable risk seeing as a lot of them are rural and don’t have government help whenever it is needed like people who live in metropolitan areas. These Rural communities have had potential increased high mortality rates due to malnutrition, lack of clean available water, and inadequate medical services that help with the side effects of the disease (lane 2020). These communities have also had to deal with food insecurity, increased violence against women and overcrowding of their housing. The factors that have had the potential to increase the mortality rates of the indigenous community have arisen from Covid-19, the first being malnutrition and inadequate medical services. Malnutrition and inadequate medical services occur in these communities as either farmers cannot work due to being sick thus not being able to supply food for their community and the businesses of the community cannot keep up with their previous amounts of trade as they or the businesses partners are sick resulting in small or even no amounts of medicine for these sicknesses as they are rural. The increased violence against women comes from the rise in tension in homes as they are overcrowded and have many people isolating in each of them at a time, which is very different to how their homes were before Covid-19 (lane 2020). With Covid-19 the aspects that make these rural Indigenous communities most at risk are the facts that most of these communities are quite rural meaning they don’t have access to a lot of support when needed. If they need certain medicines, they must drive a far distance to get it or need government support they would have to wait a while whether it be hours or days for them to help. The next aspect especially with covid-19 is some of these communities haven’t been exposed to a lot of the 3

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viruses and diseases that people in the metropolitan areas have so their immune systems are not as good as ours. This means when Covid-19 does get to them their immune systems won’t be able to cope with it as well as the rest of us. In the past there have been diseases similar to Covid-19 that have swept through Indigenous communities. Smallpox, influenza, measles, and sexually transmitted diseases are all examples of diseases that are new to these rural indigenous communities who have basically no defence in their immune systems to these diseases and all brought a widespread of excessive morbidity and mortality to these communities (national museum Australia, 2022). Business Impact For some indigenous communities these indigenously owned businesses are the only ways their rural communities can bring in everything they need to live off. For a community in the Kimberly town, after Covid-19 hit, apparently their local businesses that helped their community dropped by half in business as the borders of WA were closed due to Covid-19. Stella Decos, the director of community experience at Indigenous Business Australia (IBA) stated “ "In 2019, there was research done that Indigenous tourism bought into Australia around $7 billion," (lannin, 2021). Many indigenous people have also turned to work on the informal economy which consists of making a decent pay through tourism and markets which with covid 19 has not been available for them to do since borders were closed leaving tourism out and markets only available remotely. With these jobs being restricted and leaving indigenous Australians jobless for periods, they are starting to have to face the fact of living without income. The biggest sectors that these indigenous businesses survive off are markets, tourism, seasonal work such as farming for seasonal foods and the sales of handmade crafts (lane 2020). In these communities there can be all types of work available but the most common are to be freight transport, construction, cleaning services, creative arts, and other domestic/personal services (Morley, 2014). Since Covid-19 Australia’s borders have been closed making trade between the boarders quite difficult. Fright transport for these indigenous people can only happen in WA without crossing the borders making it so there isn’t that much work to happen in WA. Construction is still happening but not as much as there was before the borders close as there isn’t as much money circulating through the economy due to unforeseen job loss. Cleaning services have seen a large increase in jobs, every venue or office or restaurant needs to be deep cleaned from time to time or even every night due to the hygienic restrictions put in place due to Covid. The biggest challenge from having all these jobs restricted and hours that people are able to work being cut down is the ability for these working-class indigenous peoples to supply a wage for their families. This wage is used to buy food, pay for bills, practically keep a roof over their heads and keep them nourished. Without these jobs, money cannot circulate through these indigenous communities making it harder on everyone who lives there. for the larger indigenous businesses, the IBA has made a support package consisting of over 21.5 million dollars through the pandemic which has helped over 680 indigenous firms. These larger firms have received help but the smaller business in rural areas do need the same amount of help to get the communities through the pandemic. 4

Economic Discrepancies The comparison between Indigenous Australians and Non-Indigenous Australians when it comes to the economic status is that there is quite a large gap between the two. First off Indigenous Australians wages compared to non-Indigenous Australians wages is consistently lower and Indigenous Australians are more likely to be living off low incomes (Osborne, 2013). The gross average household income in 2019 for people 18 years of age who were Indigenous Australians was said to be at just $553 whilst non-indigenous Australians gross average household income was said to be over $1000. This has led to poorer health of Indigenous Australians and for them to rely more on the governments for external income. Secondly the education that Indigenous Australians have the chance to learn and carry on with is limited compared to that of a non-indigenous Australian. What I mean by this is that school attendance is based on number of things, Parent’s education levels, occupation, and socio-economic status. From 2014 to 2019 there was a target to reduce the number of indigenous Australians no in school by half, this target was not met but attendance rates for Indigenous Australians declined 2% whilst the attendance for non- indigenous Australians only declined 1.2%. The other large economic discrepancies between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians the employment rates of each. Since 2008-2019 then employment rate of Indigenous Australians has risen from 48.2% to 49.1% whilst in this period of time, the non-Indigenous employment rate has stayed at a steady 75%. This 25+% between the Indigenous and Non- Indigenous Australians is a key factor to the social and economic differences between the two. (Australian Government, 2021). These economic discrepancies don’t just happen in Australia either, in America the unemployment rate for people 18 years and above is 6.6% for native Americans and 3.5% for Non-Native Americans (Asante-Muhammad, 2019) These economic discrepancies come from a multitude of factors. First one being early colonisation by non-Indigenous Australians who disliked the native. Another being that a lot of Indigenous Australians live out in rural areas where there is little to no opportunity for them to get well-paying jobs, thus the difference in income. Lastly there is still quite a bit of racism in Australia towards Indigenous Australians. As a Non-indigenous Australians, I know for a fact that there are people who genuinely dislike Indigenous Australians, so they don’t give them fair goes in the world such as with employment for jobs. With Covid-19 around as well it doesn’t help that there are less jobs around for everyone with items and services becoming more expensive, so the gap continues to grow between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Conclusion and Recommendations With covid-19 around lately the challenges placed on the Indigenous Australians compared to the non-Indigenous Australians has been brutal. To start with this disease was completely new to everyone, no had experienced it yet but with an immune system like some of the rural indigenous community the virus ravaged through the communities causing havoc, pain and making everything a little harder than normal. Businesses from both Indigenous and non-Indigenous points of view struggled with the Indigenous businesses suffering he most as with border closure tourism was impossible which accounted for a near 7 billion dollars within indigenous businesses. To show that Covid-19 was bad it even made the gap between the economic discrepancies between Indigenous and non-Indigenous larger, gross 5

household income between the 2 was a near $500 to live off weekly. The attendance rate for schools dropped .8% more in indigenous kids and the employment rate before Covid-19 was over a 25% difference between the two and now with Covid both parties lost any jobs making this percentage larger. With Covid-19 calming down and passing in its now time for recovery, a recommendation I give to the governments is to include more Indigenous representative in the immediate Covid-29 recovery plans. This would allow for a more in-depth understanding of what they are going through and a larger idea for what type of help they need to get back on track to living healthily. But the first thing our government should do is to provide help to the rural Indigenous communities who have been struck by Covid-19. As I’ve said the virus has hurt the rural Indigenous communities as their immune systems aren’t as well developed as the metropolitan peoples. They need support straight away to help them get back on their feet and without it they will struggle for a while after Covid-19 has passed. The key takeaways from this situation with Covid-19 around is the fact that we as a country need to identify and help our indigenous communities a lot more, especially the rural ones as without our help they would continue to struggle and suffer. References asante-muhammad, dedrick, and kathy ramirez. 2022. "The Economic Reality Of Native Americans And The Need For Immediate Repair » NCRC". NCRC . https://ncrc.org/the-economic-reality-of-native-americans-and-the-need-for- immediate-repair/#:~:text=In%20too%20many%20measures%2C%20Native,%2C %20and%20Whites%20at%203.5%25 . Lane, Rosemary. 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples. Policy Brief No. 70. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/ publication/PB_70.pdf lannin, sue. 2022. "Indigenous Tourism Businesses Adapting To - Proquest". Proquest.Com . https://www.proquest.com/docview/2578851277/842D59A7B6FC4F64PQ/2? accountid=10382 . Morely, sam. 2014. Success Factors For Indigenous Entrepreneurs And Community-Based Enterprises . Ebook. 30th ed. australia: australian goverment. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/2804f99f-1995-473a-939e- 0fb02a1152f3/16693.pdf.aspx?inline=true#:~:text=Hunter%20(2013)%20found %20that%20the,other%20domestic%20or%20personal%20services . "COVID-19 Disease, Symptoms And Variants". 2022. Australian Goverment Health Department . https://www.health.gov.au/health-alerts/covid-19/symptoms-and- variants . "Employment | Closing The Gap". 2020. Ctgreport.Niaa.Gov.Au . https://ctgreport.niaa.gov.au/employment . 6

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"Indigenous Income And Finance - Australian Institute Of Health And Welfare". 2021. Australian Institute Of Health And Welfare . https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/indigenous-income-and-finance . "Smallpox Epidemic". 2022. Nma.Gov.Au . https://www.nma.gov.au/defining- moments/resources/smallpox-epidemic . 7

Assesment 3_Samuel_Moreno

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