Sociology Paper

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Jersey College, School of Nursing *

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SOC201

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Sociology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Running head: INEQUALITY IN HEALTHCARE FOR MINORITIES 1 Inequality in Healthcare for Minorities Marie Ajax, Bianca Daniel, Aleesha Edison Jersey College SOC201: Sociology Mr. Granados October 14 th , 2023

Running head: INEQUALITY IN HEALTHCARE FOR MINORITIES 2 Inequality in Healthcare for Minorities In today's world, healthcare has become a major part of everyday life. Having access to different providers is impactful to all, but more specifically to minorities. This has led to disparities due to the lack of access to proper quality needed to treat certain illnesses. These inequalities lead to health disparities, lack of quality care, and further socioeconomic disparities. Health Disparities Inequalities in access to healthcare due to race and ethnicity have long been a pressing issue in our society for a long time. One of the main reasons for these inequalities is the lack of affordable healthcare options available to minority communities. Due to low-income communities not being able to afford healthcare the system lacks in giving them the proper care they need leading to longer wait times, less thorough examinations, delayed or inadequate treatment, resulting in poorer health outcomes or even misdiagnoses. Most of these communities often lack essential resources like quality hospitals or clinics so it is harder to access quality care when needed. Moreover, racial and ethnic minorities often encounter discrimination within the healthcare system itself. “ National data reveal that over the past 50 years, the health of both black and white persons has improved in the United States as evidenced by increases in life expectancy and declines in infant and adult mortality ( National Center for Health Statistics, 1998 ). However, black persons continue to have higher rates of morbidity and mortality than white persons for most indicators of physical health. Hispanics and American Indians also have elevated disease and death rates for multiple conditions. (Williams, Rucker, 2000)”. With having less access to healthcare people tend to leave their health issues undealt with leading to rises in black deaths.

Running head: INEQUALITY IN HEALTHCARE FOR MINORITIES 3 Most individuals have faced systemic racism within medical institutions which leads to them not getting the correct medical care that they require. These experiences have left a lasting impact on the collective memory and mistrust towards healthcare systems. The bias from the workers in healthcare facilities leaves a strain on individuals wanting to come into receive care that is passed on through generations. Care & Disparities Previous research at different structures "supports this wide generalization that with regard to inequalities in the system of life-chances and life-styles, ethnicity operates as the one- sided, although salient, ordering principle" (Bash 1979:45). Inequalities in healthcare based off gender. Having the legacy of slavery, discrimination, and segregation has left an impact on the racial disparity in the healthcare field. Especially African Americans have had unethical medical experiments, less access to care, racial bias when it comes diagnosis and treatment. The socioeconomic factor has given limited access to education, even employment opportunities which often correlates to health disparities. A lot of minorities face obstacles when trying to obtain employment, securing health insurance, trying to afford medications, and even trying to get assisted in healthcare facilities. The outcomes of disparity in healthcare are the mortality rates African American's, Jewish, and other minority groups have higher rates of mortality from multiple diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, cholesterol compared to Caucasian, Asian and other individuals. Racial minority of woman in maternal and infant health are more likely to experience detrimental pregnancy and birth outcomes, somehow have higher rates of mortality for both mom and the infant, and even preterm birth. Secondary studies conducted have shown that minorities, specifically African Americans face inequalities at an eighty percent increased rate compared to other races. more than 1 in 8

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Running head: INEQUALITY IN HEALTHCARE FOR MINORITIES 4 respondents reported having experienced at least one incident of harassment over the preceding year47; among ethnic minority respondents, there was a widespread belief that employers discriminated against ethnic minority job applicants and widespread experience of such discrimination48; among White people, 1 in 5 said that they were racially prejudiced against Caribbean people and 1 in 4 said they were racially prejudiced against Asian people (Nazroo, 2003). These inequalities express what is reflected in the conflict theory that was established by Karl Marx. Marx explained that “there’s ongoing strife between dominant and minority groups; powerful groups maintain their advantages primarily through economic exploitation; race is a more important factor than social class in perpetuating racial-ethnic inequality (Benokraitis, 2019, p. 200).” The included table has the surveyed results of 2,137 United States respondents that experienced discrimination. Conclusion With such disparities and inequalities many may ask “what can be done?” “One of the first and most important steps that would be needed for improvement would be to educate others

Running head: INEQUALITY IN HEALTHCARE FOR MINORITIES 5 regarding the disparities. Efforts to raise the public’s awareness of racial/ethnic health care disparities have achieved modest success. In 2006, nearly 6 in 10 people surveyed believed African Americans received the same quality of care as Whites, and 5 in 10 believed Latinos received the same quality care as Whites (Eliminating Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: What Are the Options? | KFF, 2008). Many are unaware of the disparities and creating teaching methods to educate others would allow for open discussions and improvement in a person’s actions. The other steps would include expanding coverage for minorities and by making efforts to improve the number of providers in underserviced and underfunded communities. Without making these efforts we will continue to have health disparities, lack of quality care, and further socioeconomic disparities.

Running head: INEQUALITY IN HEALTHCARE FOR MINORITIES 6 References Benokraitis, Nijole V. Soc6: Introduction to Sociology . Cengage Learning, 2019. Eliminating Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: What are the Options? | KFF . (2008, October 20). KFF. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/eliminating-racialethnic- disparities-in-health-care-what/ Nazroo, James Y. “The Structuring of Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Economic Position, Racial Discrimination, and Racism.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 93 , no . 2 , Feb. 2003, pp. 277–284 , https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.277 . Nong, P., Raj, M., Creary, M. S., Kardia, S. L., & Platt, J. (2020). Patient-Reported Experiences of Discrimination in the US health care System. JAMA Network Open, 3(12) , e2029650. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29650 Williams, D. R., & Rucker, T. D. (2000). Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care . Health care financing review. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194634/

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