SU_PHE5015_W3_Project_Williams_S3

Week 3 Project Sabrina E. Williams South University Course ID: PHE5015 Dr. Cooksey 12/18/2023

Week 3 Project Part 1 In a hypothetical cohort study conducted by an independent organization studying lung cancer, they found that out of 2,533 people 315 were diagnosed with lung cancer. 296 of the participants diagnosed with lung cancer smoked. Of the participants who did not have lung cancer, 1259 did not smoke. Calculate each of the following indices and provide an interpretation. Lung Cancer No Lung Cancer Total Smoker 296 a 959 b 1255 Nonsmoker 19 c 1259 d 1278 Total 315 2219 2533 1. What is the incidence of lung cancer? Incidence= Number of newcases of disease Person − time of of observation ∈ candidate population Incidence = 315 2533 x 100 Incidence = 0.124 x 100 Incidence = 12.4% or 0.124

AP t = ( 0.221 ( 15.73 − 1 ) 0.221 ( 15.73 − 1 ) + 1 ) x 100 APt= ( 0.221 ( 14.73 ) 0.221 ( 15.73 ) ) x 100 APt ( 3.255 3.476 ) x 100 APt= 0.936 x 100 APt= 93.6% This means 93.6 of incidence of lung cancer in the population is attributable to smoking. Smokers have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than individuals who do not smoke. 5. What is the attributable proportion among the exposed (APe)? APe APe= ( ( RR − 1 ) RR ) x 100 APe= ( ( 15.73 − 1 ) 15 ) x 100 APe= ( ( 14.73 ) 15,73 ) x 100 APe= 93.6 %

Part 2 You are a researcher who is interested in the association of heavy drinking and dying at an early age. Describe how you and your team would conduct a study. In your response be sure to address the following: Study Type The study my team and I would use to research the association of heavy drinking and dying at an early age would be a cohort study. The use of a cohort study would allow my team and I to get a better understanding of the risk factors, such as heavy drinking, that increase a person's chances of getting a particular disease or death. The average age of death in the United States is 75. For the study our population of interest would be individuals who have died prematurely at ages 74- younger. Our sample will consist of individuals of all ages, sex, and races who have died prematurely. There will be a randomized mix of individuals in the sample who drank alcohol and did not drink alcohol. Variables The outcome variable of interest in the study would be whether or not an individual died early if they were reported as being heavy drinkers or not. This outcome variable will be measured using Phosphatidyl Ethanol (PEth) test, Liver Functioning Test, and Blood Alcohol Testing (BAC) at the time of death. These measurement tools will allow us to see if the induvial had recently heavily consumed alcohol before or at the time of death, or there was evidence of effects of heavy alcohol usage on the body and its systems.

and peers of deceased individuals to see if they were heavy drinkers, we may not get accurate and reliable information. We may also be faced with some biases in the study as well that we will do our best to avoid. Some sources of potential bias in our study may include underreported data analysis which may lead to information bias. Another source of potential bias may be selection bias within the sample group. We can avoid biases by random sampling which would include a variety of subgroups that share equal opportunities, include clear definitions of cases and how they will be measured, increasing randomization etc.

References CDC. “FastStats - Life Expectancy.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 7 Feb. 2023, www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/life-expectancy.htm.