Research proposal

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Saint Joseph's University *

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100

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Sociology

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Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by DoctorKoupreyMaster3563

Ashley Wint HEA 419 2/11/2019 Dr.Stone Is there a relationship between the use of birth control pills and the risk of breast cancer? Introduction Birth control pills have been helpful to young women by preventing pregnancy, regulating menstrual cycles, and used for hormonal therapy. Even though there have been benefits to the use of birth control pills, studies have shown that taking oral contraceptives increase the risk of breast cancer in young woman. Oral contraceptives are the most prescribed from of birth control in the United States. Studies proved that women who were currently taking birth control pills had a 24% higher risk of getting breast cancer, women who have used birth control at some point had a 10% higher risk

than a woman who has never took birth control pills. Studies showed that the risk declined when the birth control pills were discontinued. The longer the oral contraceptives were used the higher the risk. There is a strong link between the use of oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer, but other factors such as age, genetics, tobacco or alcohol use, can all contribute to the risk. These factors alone can increase the risk as well as any combination of these factors including the use of birth control pills can increase the risk of breast cancer in young women. Naturally the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth of some cancers. Oral contraceptives have synthetic versions of these hormones. The combination of those hormones that are naturally produced in a young woman’s body and the synthetic versions of these hormones is why the risk of breast cancer has increases while taking birth control pills. For years there has been a link between birth control pills and the risk of breast cancer, still today even with new research and new formulas they still pose a risk due to the synthetic hormones they release in young omens bodies. Not only are studies continuing to find the same risks in the new formulas compared to the old formulas, they are finding more risks such as an increased risk of cervical cancer and liver cancer as well. It is important that young women ask their doctors the pros and cons when choosing their birth control method. Women should also take it upon themselves to do

some research about a method they are considering so that they can have the appropriate questions to ask their doctors. Hearing that birth control pills can increase breast cancer risk is a frightening thing. Compared to women who have never used birth control pills, it is clear that oral contraceptives have a significant impact on increase the risk of breast cancer in young woman. For years hormonal contraceptives especially, oral ones have brought many questions to health professionals and researchers. Even with new formulas pharmaceutical companies have not found a way to completely get rid of how birth control pills contribute to the risk of breast cancer. Every form of birth control comes with risks. This is not intended to tell women which birth control method thy should use, but to help women be more aware so that they can weigh their options an analyze their priorities. Research Aim The goal of this research study is to identify if there is a reliable link between the use of oral contraceptives and the increase risk of breast cancer in the woman using this contraceptive method. Past research indicates that there is a sufficient link between the use of oral contraceptives and increasing the risk of getting breast cancer. The goal is to have a reliable answer so that women can be fully informed of the risks. Everyone should be able to make educated decisions especially when it comes to their health. All

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birth control methods come with a risk and it is up to the person to be able to decide what risks are more or less harmful to them in their opinion. Research Method This study is qualitative and quantitative, it is not the type of study that can be observed over a certain amount of time. Because this study is intended to analyze the risk a case- control study will be the method used. In person surveys will be conducted to collect data, medical records, as secondary sources related to my research topic. Past research combined with current findings will help establish a reliable connection between the exposure and disease. Because this topic has been explored before It would be most effective to use past and present data. Population The population in Montgomery county where this study will take place is 600. The population of interest is young women and adult women ages 18-45, who are currently using birth control pills or has a history of using birth control pills and are currently a US resident. This population is ideal because most women start taking birth control around age 15-18. The range will start at 18 because those women are no longer considered minors. Cutting the range off at 45 is important as well because from prior studies most women discontinued their use of any birth control methods around this

age. Another reason the age range will be cut off at 45 because older age factors into cancer risk as well. Sampling This is a quantitative study and qualitative study and the sampling will be non- random. The sample population will be chosen by convenience. After conducting the surveys and evaluating each one those who qualify will be selected. Those considered will be young women, ages 18-45, live in the US, and are currently use birth control pills or have in the past. Women within who have never used oral contraceptives will participate in this study as the control group. The same age range applies to those women as well. Because the population size is 600, the sample size will be 234. Data Sources For this study primary and secondary sources will be used. Surveys/interviews will be conducted to collect data of my own. Secondary sources such as similar existing studies, medical records, and other documents relevant to this study. All medical records and personal information will be kept confidential and will only be used to try to further explain if birth control pills increase the risk of breast cancer. Data Items

Demographics, health behaviors, medical records, and surveys to help answer the research question. A survey was made for those who participate in my research. This will be an in-person survey conducted in the presence of the researcher. The questions will consist of general demographic-based questions as well as more personal questions related to my research. The answers to these questions will remain confidential and are for establishing a reliable pattern only. The questions are as follows: 1. How old are you? __________ 2. What race/ethnicity do you classify yourself? a. White b. Black or African American c. American Indian or Alaska Native d. Asian e. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander f. Other 3. What is your highest level of education? a. College b. Highschool c. Middle school d. Other 4. Are you currently employed a. Yes b. No 5. How often do you consume alcohol?

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a. 0-5 times a week b. 5-10 times a week c. 10-15 times a week 6. Are you a tobacco user? a. Yes b. No i. If yes, how often? 1. 0-3 packs a week 2. 3-6 packs a week 3. 6-10 packs a week 7. Are you in a romantic relationship? a. Yes b. No 8. What age did you get your menses(period)? ______ 9. Are you currently using birth control pills ? a. Yes b. No i. If no, have you previously used birth control pills 1. Yes 2. No 10. At what age were you prescribed you oral contraceptive? ________ 11. How long have you been using oral contraceptives? a. 0-5 years b. 5+ years

12. Do you feel you were properly informed about your choice of birth control? a. Strongly agree b. Somewhat agree c. Somewhat disagree d. Strongly disagree 13. Do you have any children? a. Yes b. No i. If yes, what age did you have your first child? _______ Research Design This study is intended to gain understanding. This will be conducted as a case- control study. Being as though the research topic has been previously studied and it is still a controversial topic. The goal is to establish if there is a reliable connection between the use of oral contraceptives in young women and how it contributes to the risk of developing breast cancer. For this topic, case-control study would be the best and most practical design, it is less expensive and less time consuming. Some cons to this approach are that bias could distort the relationship between the exposure and the disease. A case control study requires a much smaller study population compared to a cohort study. Another con is that it is not always possible to establish a relationship between the exposure and

disease, in this case it would be the correlation between the birth control pills and how in contributes to the cancer risks. Timeline Budget

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Total Estimated Costs: $27,400.00 Reporting and Dissemination The audience this study is intended for are mothers of teenage daughters, females ages 18-45, women indecisive of what birth control method would be right for them, and medical professionals. Women should be educated about the decisions they are making that could harm their health. This research would be beneficial to medical professionals because oral contraceptive is the most prescribed in the US. Mothers would benefit from this information, so they could possibly advise their teenage

daughter to look into an alternate method if they feel it is necessary. All findings will be published regardless of the results. Some implications to this study are that the answer will not be black or white. The gray area is the fact that yes there are many risks from using birth control pills and everyone person has the right to decide whether that’s a risk they are willing or not willing to take. Everything in life has risks, these findings are not educational purposes only. Analysis To analyze this data, the final findings will be documented through a line graph. The information collected from the participants as well as the information from past research will be recorded here. The line graph will display the control and the sample and how the use of birth control pills contributes to the risk of breast cancer. The importance of this study is to understand if the risk significant and to understand is this something women need to be cautious of. To test the association, Pearson’s R correlation test will be used. It will show if the correlation between the exposure and the disease has a strong relationship, weak relationship, or no relationship at all. If the p value is less than 0.05 there is a significant relationship, if it is greater than 0.05 there is no relationship. References

• Althuis M, Brogan D, Brinton L, et al. Hormonal content and potency of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk among young women. British Journal Of Cancer [serial online]. January 13, 2003;88(1):50. Available from: Academic Search • Butt, S. A., Lidegaardi, Ø., Skovlund, C., Hannaford, P. C., Iversen, L., Fielding, S., & Mørch, L. S. (2018). Hormonal contraceptive use and risk of pancreatic cancer —A cohort study among premenopausal women. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–8. https://doi-org.proxy-wcupa.klnpa.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206358 • Urban, M., Banks, E., Egger, S., Canfell, K., O’Connell, D., Beral, V., & Sitas, F. (2012). Injectable and Oral Contraceptive Use and Cancers of the Breast, Cervix, Ovary, and Endometrium in Black South African Women: Case-Control Study. PLoS Medicine, 9(3), 1–11. • Michels, K. A., Brinton, L. A., Pfeiffer, R. M., & Trabert, B. (2018). Oral Contraceptive Use and Risks of Cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology , 187 (8), 1630–1641 • • Hemminki, E., Luostarinen, T., Pukkala, E., Apter, D., & Hakulinen, T. (2002). Oral contraceptive use before first birth and risk of breast cancer: a case control study. BMC Women’s Health, 2, 9–7. • Borges, et al. “Breast Cancer and Hormonal Contraception: Should We Rethink Our Concepts?” Revista Brasileira De Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Associação Brasileira De Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Mar. 2018,

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www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104- 42302018000300201&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en • Lech M, Ostrowska L. Risk of cancer development in relation to oral contraception. European Journal Of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care [serial online]. September 2006;11(3):162-168. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed September 10, 2018. Zolfaroli, I., Tarín, J. J., & Cano, A. (2018). Hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer: Clinical data. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology & Reproductive Biology , 230 , 212–216. •

Research proposal

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