_Exam3

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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SOSC 1000 Exam 3: According to the relevant lecture material AND the reading by Charles Tilly, how did the state come into being? According to Charles Tilly's reading of War Making and State Making as Organized Crime, the creation of states is inextricably linked to the making of war and the exploitation of resources (Tilly, 169). The states and state agents are frequently the main perpetrators of violence, and that conflict is a basic tactic of state-making. Since many groups shared the right to use violence during the early stages of the creation of states, they also frequently used violence to further their goals (Tilly, 173). The national state's responsibility is to guarantee private property rights and build the infrastructure required for a growing economy. The conflict between competing economic interests is regulated, as is the use of justified violence, as well as contemporary phenomena (Mekouar, 2023). According to Tilly, by offering security to the population, centralized powers were able to create and legitimize their violence and eventually monopolize it as well as the ability to demand tributes (Tilly, 185). The history of state-making in Europe was divided into three phases, if we accept the fragile difference between "internal" and "external" state-making processes: (a) the difference between an "external" and an "internal" arena for the use of force is established by the relative efficacy of some power brokers in "external" disputes; (b) "external" competition leads to "internal" state formation; and (c) "external" agreements among states have an increasingly strong influence on the form and locus of specific states (Tilly, 185). Based on the importance of internal aggression in monopolization, as highlighted by Tilly, it is necessary for the consolidation of the state and needed for more efficient taxation. This was achieved by gaining direct control over established areas, which curtailed and weakened the authority previously held. Early state-makers expanded their control of previously controlled forces to the central state to create direct authority over the entire territory. States that were recently created through decolonization or the reallocation of territory by powerful states obtained their armed organizations from outside in greater numbers, lacking the same internal forging of reciprocal restrictions between rulers and ruled (Tilly, 186). Leaders needed resources to wage war against other leaders. The increase in resources introduced taxation, allowing the state to appear. War, taxation, and bureaucracy all followed a cyclical pattern in which taxes were used to fund the acquisition of more goods and the fighting of larger battles. By the fifteenth century, the world had become divided into various states with

SOSC 1000 Exam 3: greater authority. Although people were drawn to their leader, they didn't associate with their state. The population has lately begun to identify with the state, according to the contemporary world (Mekouar, 2023).

SOSC 1000 Exam 3: How did the covid pandemic change our understanding of the state? The covid pandemic interrupted the decline of the state, causing us to change our understanding of the state. The state was essential in imposing collective health measures to keep everyone safe during the pandemic. Throughout the pandemic, hospitals and clinics were understaffed, with a greater population of individuals visiting these centres. This can cause a crisis to strike as essential sources are not accessible during a time of need. At the beginning of the pandemic, the crisis caused a worldwide supply limitation, and everyone believed there wouldn’t be supplies for a long period. This resulted in everyone stocking up on essential supplies to provide for their households. This caused department stores' shelves to clear and factories to be unsure when they would be back to operating. With a shortage of essential supplies including food, access, and fuel distribution. There was limited access during the time when thousands of employees were laid off to stop the spread. The state developed a vaccine to protect individuals during the pandemic, and with few supplies, they started immunizing individuals. Since the vaccine was made in a brief amount of time, individuals didn't believe the state. Later, the state-imposed limitations on those who didn't obtain their vaccination; if they didn't, they were forbidden from entering public areas since they had to display a vaccination passport as identification. This has caused a crisis all around the world, as individuals were dying from covid, and restrictions were placed. During this time, essential businesses remained open, while the state shut the doors of non-essential businesses until further notice. This required that employees be laid off until businesses were able to resume. As a result, thousands of businesses and millions of employees had no source of income. The state then provided financial aid for those who were laid off during this time. Even after the number of individuals affected by covid reduced and businesses opened back up, some businesses had to permanently close their doors as they were buried in debt. Our perception of the state has altered as a result of this. The state, which is a centralized governmental entity that imposes and enforces laws on the population, implemented laws over which individuals had no control. There were occasions when the limitations and regulations that were enforced remained in place to protect individuals in the future. For example, individuals must wear masks in medical facilities, and some locations demand a negative covid test.

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SOSC 1000 Exam 3: Using the course material, explain what is historical thinking - why is it relevant to our contemporary understanding of the world? History is known as the collection of early events, big or small, important or not. Also known as everything that ever happened in the past with no witnesses (Mekouar, 2023). These narratives about the past are based on thoughts that can’t be recaptured; instead, they are interpreted by historians with limited sources and lead us to think about past events. These limited sources and interpretations are typically read about at school, in films, and when we think about history. All human experiences or events that affected humankind in the past are combined to form history. The unique quality of studying history is that it promotes a specific, all- encompassing knowledge of the world, a historical reasoning that goes far beyond the basic memorization of facts. Historical thinking is observed through critical intellectual abilities that analyze historical data. These can be displayed in the news, social media, and among friends and family, and people around you seem to prefer simplistic, one-dimensional accounts of the complicated issues society is currently grappling with, such as global warming and the financial crisis (Mekouar, 2023). Social scientists and historians are aware that complicated events have a variety of causes and that there is usually more than one possible answer. Every event, particularly every significant event that occurs nearby, is the result of several variables, both immediate and long- term. Consumers prefer simple solutions with a singular offender. Social scientists and historians are aware that complicated events have a variety of causes and that the search for an answer should go beyond a single factor. Every occurrence around you, and particularly every significant occurrence, is the product of numerous variables, both immediate and long-term. The historian's awareness that other eras and locations are distinct from our own is the second key component of historical reasoning. History never repeats itself, so continuity implies that past trends endure and can affect the present and future. As opposed to change is a rather all-encompassing word that can refer to both minor historical events like revolutions and climate change as well as more significant ones like minor changes that take place. Sometimes change occurs over a long period of time and individuals don't even notice the change and the change doesn’t show for years or even decades

SOSC 1000 Exam 3: after the change first occurred. Our comprehension of the contemporary world is dependent on our knowledge of history. History has shaped the world into the place that it is presently. When travelling the world, one is surprised to see how most modern buildings look similar to each other. Using the lecture material, explain why that is the case. Architecture is produced through the use of art and the planning and construction processes. It is the process as well as the product of sketching, conceiving, arranging, constructing, and building structures. Architecture exists to create the visible environment in which people live, but it is so much more. Engineers design the exteriors of houses, buildings, and other structures. They must make certain that the final product is both aesthetically appealing and functional. Modern architecture has a very straightforward appearance and is distinguished by an accentuation of volume, asymmetrical designs, and little decoration. When travelling the world, it's possible to see the works of many different architects, each of whom presents itself uniquely. Buildings frequently adopt a modern appearance as they can be more economical and distinctive than a current structure. Since modernism is a more affordable option, it has become more popular in the twenty- first century. Many architects will look for inspiration around the city, such as trends, patterns, etc. These are used to develop innovative residential home designs. Most individuals look for a residence that is ready to move into, built with materials that won't need frequent maintenance or replacement. This is something modernism can provide, low maintenance while aiming for a more contemporary approach. Since unexpected expenses are associated with custom exterior designs, modern houses frequently end up appearing identical. Due to their dependability and demonstrated effectiveness as a design feature, modern home exteriors are simple. However, residents can incorporate this design and set their houses apart from other modern architecture by using a variety of materials on the exterior of their homes. Modernism is strongly opposed by many people, who view it as repetitive, ugly, and degrading. A genuinely modernist design adheres to a strict set of formal principles that uphold modernism, proving that modern architecture is more than just about aesthetics. The guiding ideals of modernism are developed, adhered to, and employed. Most builders and artists adopted this idea in the 1940s and 1950s (Mekouar, 2023). Particularly for the reconstruction of urban regions devastated by conflict, modern building methods were affordable and effective. While you can choose to look at a piece of art or not, the constructed environment is something that

SOSC 1000 Exam 3: everyone in contemporary society must live with. Modern architecture is despised by the public since it destroys important and symbolic historical customs. In today's world, the world has taken on a more modern appearance, and this trend will only continue.

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SOSC 1000 Exam 3: References: Charles Tilly. 1985. "Making and State Making as Organized Crime" in Bringing the State Back In. Pages: 169-192 Mekouar, Merouan. "Architecture and Society." Introduction to Social Science. York University. Toronto, February 18, 2023. Lecture. Mekouar, Merouan. "Business and Financial Crises." Introduction to Social Science. York University. Toronto, January 25, 2023. Lecture. Mekouar, Merouan. "History and Social Narratives." Introduction to Social Science. York University. Toronto, February 1, 2023. Lecture. Mekouar, Merouan. "Power and Politics." Introduction to Social Science. York University. Toronto, January 11, 2023. Lecture.

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