Social work study notes

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Western University *

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Social work study notes Chapter one: Introduction to social work and social welfare 1. What is the definition of social work? Social work is part of the response to social welfare issues in society. Social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. There are four key components; social change/social justice mandate, problem solving,person in the environment, and empowerment 2. What is the definition of social welfare? Laws, policies, programs in place that provide a buffer against contingencies that can arise, often unexpectedly, and can cause great hardship for individuals and their families 3. What is the social welfare state? The Welfare State is the range of programs and services available to Canadian citizens, it plays an active role in the protection and advancement of the social and economic well-being of its citizens based on principles of equality of opportunity and redistribution of wealth. Social services + income security = social welfare state 4. Approaches to social welfare? There are two key components, the institutional view and the residual view Institutional: Social welfare is a necessary human response, it helps people retain a reasonable standard of life and health. People cannot always meet needs through family and work. Helps people by means of a publicly funded system of programs and institutions, and it helps even out economic stratification Residual: Social welfare is a temporary response to human need, it is used only when all else fails. Individual’s needs should be met through family and market economy, and the government plays a very limited role and limits benefits to discourage usage 5. Types of income security programs? There are four types of income security programs. It provides monetary assistance to supplement income or maintain a minimum income level. Employment Insurance = social insurance program = EI: Follow the principle of shared risk. Those who contribute are eligible. Worker’s compensation = Demogrants = Universal child care benefits: Flat-rate payments to individuals or households based on demographic characteristics Ontario works = minimum income: monetary assistance for those without income OAS = GIS = Income supplementation: addition to earned income Simple terms/google definitions Minimum income: Guaranteed minimum income (GMI), also called minimum income (or mincome for short),[1] is a social-welfare system that guarantees all citizens or families an income sufficient to live on, provided that certain eligibility conditions are met,

typically: citizenship; a means test; and either availability to participate in the labor market, or willingness to perform community services. The primary goal of a guaranteed minimum income is reduction of poverty. In circumstances when citizenship is the sole qualification, the program becomes a universal basic income system. Income supplementation: The Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) is a monthly payment you can get if you are 65 or older. The Supplement is based on income and is available to Old Age Security pensioners with low income. It is not taxable. People who receive the Old Age Security (OAS) pension and live in Canada, may also be eligible for the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), a non-taxable amount added to your monthly OAS pension. Social insurance program: Key Takeaways. Social insurance is a universally funded financial safety net administered by the government. Programs include Social Security, unemployment insurance, and Medicare, among others. Social insurance differs from public assistance based on funding sources. Social insurance is funded by contributions of each citizen who benefits from the services. Demogrants: The Universal Demogrant Model The universal demogrant (UD) model consists of a regular payment made to every citizen. The payment is non-taxable, however all additional income is taxable, generally at a rate higher than current income tax rates. The other is often referred to as a universal basic income or a demogrant. Basic Income Canada Network believes that the goal of a basic income is to ensure that everyone can meet basic needs, participate in society, and live with dignity regardless of work status. 6. Difference between social policy and social programs? Social policy: The overall rules and regulations, laws, and other administrative directives that set the framework for state social welfare activity. Example ie Medicare Social programs: Specific initiatives that implement social welfare policies. Example ie Incentives available to physicians to move to rural areas. Services support emotional, social, and personal well-being 7. Difference between universal and selective programs? Universal: Available to everyone in a specific category (such as people aged 65 and over, people with disabilities, or children) on the same terms and as a right of citizenship. Selective: Target those found to be in need or eligible, based on a means (or income) test or a needs test. Ex: EI, Subsidized housing. The benefit is usually reduced according to income level. 8. Types of social work practice - Direct/indirect, micro/mezzo/macro Direct: Face-to-face work with people/groups/communities Indirect: Organizational work to formulate, analyze, develop and evaluate social policies and programs Micro: direct practice with individuals Mezzo: groups and communities Macro: organizations and large communities

9. Social work organizations? e.g., OASW, OCSWSSW, CASW, CASWE etc. What do these organizations do? OASW: Ontario Association of Social Workers; We are the voice of the social work profession in Ontario, striving to expand awareness of the value of social workers while advocating for mental health access for all Ontarians. OCSWSSW: Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Works; Accountable to the Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services, the College currently regulates over 28,000 social workers and social service workers across the province. Its ongoing mandate is to serve and protect the public from unqualified, incompetent and unfit practitioners. CASW: The Canadian Association of Social Workers; It has individual members, and 10 provincial and territorial partner organizations. Its mission objective is to promote positive social services, protect the professionals of social work from mistreatment in Canada, satiate social needs of Canadians by influencing policies and advancing social justice. CASWE: The Canadian Association for Social Work Education: The Association's primary mandate is to support the promotion of excellence in social work education, scholarship, and practice. This mandate is primarily carried out through the accreditation of BSW and MSW social work programs, research, the publication of a journal, and an annual conference. Others… IFSW: International Federation of Social Workers: The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) is the global body for the profession. The Federation and its national members strive for social justice, human rights and inclusive, sustainable social development through the promotion of social work best practice and engagement in international cooperation. IASSW: International Association of Schools of Social Work: The IASSW promotes the development of social work education throughout the world, develops standards to enhance the quality of social work education, encourages international exchange, provides forums for sharing social work research and scholarship, and promotes human rights and social development through policy and advocacy activities. 10. CASW code of ethics? Respect for inherent dignity and worth of persons: uphold human rights, persons right to self-determination, respect diversity, respect clients choices, Pursuit of social justice: social workers believe in the obligation of people, individually and collectively, to provide resources, services and opportunities for the overall benefit of humanity. Social workers promote social fairness and the equitable distribution of resources and act to reduce barriers Service to humanity: upholds interest of others, promote individual and collective goals for development of a just and fair society Integrity of professional practice: maintain high level of professional conduct, acting responsibly, honestly. Strive for impartiality Confidentiality: at the core of SW. Public trust.

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Competence in professional practice: responsibility to maintain professional proficiency, always strive to increase knowledge and skill 11. Value of social work? The social work profession promotes: Social change, Problem-solving in human relationships, Empowerment & liberation of people, Enhance well-being. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. 12. Meaning of human rights? Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Chapter Two: The history of social work and social welfare 1. Different eras of social work? Era of moral reform - 19th century: pre colonial/ colonial period, there was the undeserving poor and the deserving, undeserving forced to work in workhouses even children French and english europeans settled in canada, and private charities associated with religious organizations predominated in “poor relief” provision; offering material relief, and lessons in moral ethics Era of social reform: 20th century to 1930s - industrial period, values of individualism becomes challenged by social justice and a sense of wellbeing and protection for community Era of applied social science: mid 20th century, welfare state period, government came to realization that everyone deserves social services, they are necessary not a luxury Erosion of the welfare state: late 20th century to 1980s, social policy dominated by efforts to restrain spending, beginning of the dismantling of the welfare state What lies ahead?: 21st century 2. Deserving and Undeserving poor? Deserving: Dependent Children.. Were placed with community residents who received a stipend Impotent (helpless) Poor.. Determined to be unable to work Given support or put in poorhouses or almshouses Undeserving: Able bodied poor.. Placed in workhouses Forced to work 3. Charity Organization Society vs. Settlement Home Movement

Charity Organization Society: Took place during the Moral Reform, 19th century. In Britain, the Charity Organization Society advanced the concept of self help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty. COS claimed to use “scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed.” Believed that material relief could lure a person from hard work; a life of dependency and reliance on handouts. Invented the concept of “self help”. Utilized “friendly visitors”, people that were there “trying” to help but the approach was how do we fix the person. Focused on providing moral teaching, and relied on apprenticeships and relied on careful assessment. The basis of long term case work. Instead of offering direct relief, the societies intended to address the cycle of poverty and allow people to support themselves. The Settlement House Movements: Took place during the Moral reform, 19th century. This is where a lot of social workers got their start, the concept is moving educated and willing people who want to help certain struggling communities. “Settling in” to bring educated middle class youth to live among and help urban residents. The settlement house movement focused on the cause of poverty as a social phenomenon rather than at fault of the individual. This took place from the 1880s to the 1930s. Settlement work as a major factor of the emergence of social work.The first Canadian settlement house: the Young Women’s Settlement, was opened in 1899, in Toronto by Sara Libby Carson. Most large Canadian cities had at least one settlement house by WW1, and early schools of social work were connected to the SH movement. 4. Social Gospel Movement? Took place during the Era of social reform. Social gospel movement had an influence on Canadian social work as churches became more socially oriented. There was the application of christian ethics to social problems, and the movement had an interest in social inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, and the slums. It is a Canadian settlement movement. The social gospel means social justice + social action. Services to other human beings are considered services to god, and churches still do that in contemporary times. The social gospel wings of the churches eventually started many of the settlement houses in Canada. 5. Meaning of Scientific Philanthropy? Happened during the era of social reform, an early approach to social work that rejected moral judgments and encouraged a “scientific” assessment of human behavior and a more systematic approach to finding solutions. Movement by members of the economic elite in an effort to curtail poverty and begging. The notion of scientific philanthropy departed from moral judgements of deservedness. A person was now seen as having an objective problem and the role of the relief worker was to help them deal with the problem. Gathering factual information would lead to understanding of the person's problem and an in turn, a solution. Charities became more organized and skilled workers were required rather than volunteers. 6. Quiet Revolution in Quebec?

The Quiet Revolution (French: Révolution tranquille) refers to a significant period of socio-political and socio-cultural transformation in French Canada, particularly in Quebec, following the election of 1960. This period was marked by the secularization of the government, the establishment of a state-administered welfare state known as the état-providence. A primary change was an effort by the provincial government to assume greater control over healthcare and education, both of which had previously been under the purview of the Roman Catholic Church. To achieve this, the government established ministries of Health and Education, expanded the public service, made substantial investments in the public education system, and permitted the unionization of the civil service. Additionally, measures were taken to enhance Quebecois control over the province's economy, including the nationalization of electricity production and distribution, the creation of the Canada/Québec Pension Plan, and the establishment of Hydro-Québec in an effort to nationalize Quebec's electric utilities. 7. Who is J.S Woodsworth? Social reformer and Methodist minister, who was influenced by other settlements in London (England) and the US. Appointed as superintendent of ALL Peoples Mission in Winnipeg @ age 34, and Founded & served as secretary of the Social Welfare League in 1913. He left the church to lay the foundation for, and to become the first leader of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a social democratic party which later became the New Democratic Party (NDP) with Alberta MP, William Irvine. He was a pioneer in the Canadian Social Democratic Movement. 8. Who is J.J Kelso? John Joseph Kelso, journalist and social reformer. A lifelong advocate for the rights of children and animals, Kelso founded the Toronto Humane Society, Children’s Aid Society of Toronto, Fresh Air Fund and Santa Claus Fund. Kelso left a legacy as an early founder of the social services system in Ontario. In 1887, John Joseph Kelso founded the Toronto Humane Society. This organization was originally designed for the protection of children and animals from cruelty and neglect. (It now focuses on animals alone.) The society was based on Christian principles of love and kindness but was non-denominational. The society worked with the police to enforce changes in public behavior. The society also fought to reform child welfare laws and worked with lawyers to develop a juvenile court system. They argued that young offenders should be tried separately from adults. J.J. Kelso was an Irish immigrant to Toronto and a child welfare pioneer. Helped found the Toronto Humane Society in 1887, which at the time aimed to prevent cruelty to children and animals. Served as Superintendent of Neglected and Dependent Children in Ontario until retiring in 1934. Helped establish Children’s Aid Societies throughout Ontario—60 by1912—and in four other provinces 9. Who is Jane Adams? The most famous social worker associated with the settlement house movement was Jane Addams, Hull House, Chicago in 1889. Laura Jane Addams was an American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, philosopher,

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and author. She was an important leader in the history of social work and women's suffrage in the United States. Jane Addams was the second woman to receive the Peace Prize. She founded the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1919, and worked for many years to get the great powers to disarm and conclude peace agreements. 10. Who is Mary Richmond? Mary Ellen Richmond was an American social work pioneer. She is regarded as the mother of professional social work along with Jane Addams. She founded social case work, the first method of social work and was herself a Caseworker. Mary Richmond was known for her ability to organize communities, her development of casework practice, as well as her ability to teach and speak intelligently on a wide array of subjects. It was Richmond who systematically developed the content and methodology of diagnosis in the period around 1910. Her first principle was that care had to focus on the person within their situation. Building on extensive research, she developed what she labeled ‘social diagnosis’. Her famous circle diagram visualized the correspondence of client and environment. Richmond identified six sources of power that are available to clients and their social workers: sources within the household, in the person of the client, in the neighborhood and wider social network, in civil agencies, in private and public agencies. 11. Who is Marguerite Bourgeoys? Marguerite Bourgeoys, CND, was a French nun and founder of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal in the colony of New France, now part of Québec, Canada. Born in Troyes, she became part of a sodality, ministering to the poor from outside the convent. Besides chaperoning girls sent from France as brides for settlers (Filles du Roi), she recruited French and Canadian girls as teachers, organized a boarding school for girls in Montréal, a school for Indigenous girls on the Sulpician reserve of La Montagne, and a domestic arts school. She sailed for Canada in 1653 and in 1658 opened a girls' school in a stable on Montréal Island. 12. Who is Ida B. Wells? Ida Bell Wells-Barnett was an American investigative journalist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a prominent journalist, activist, and researcher, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In her lifetime, she battled sexism, racism, and violence. As a skilled writer, Wells-Barnett also used her skills as a journalist to shed light on the conditions of African Americans throughout the South. In 1884, Wells-Barnett filed a lawsuit against a train car company in Memphis for unfair treatment. She had been thrown off a first-class train, despite having a ticket. Although she won the case on the local level, the ruling was eventually overturned in federal court. Wells-Barnett traveled internationally, shedding light on lynching to foreign audiences. Abroad, she openly confronted white women in the suffrage movement who ignored lynching. Because of her stance, she was often ridiculed and ostracized by women’s suffrage organizations in the United States.

13. Who is W.E.B Dubois? Du Bois was already well known as one of the foremost Black intellectuals of his era. The first Black American to earn a PhD from Harvard University, Du Bois published widely before becoming NAACP's director of publicity and research and starting the organization's official journal, The Crisis, in 1910. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. He was a civil rights activist who led the Niagara Movement and later helped form the NAACP. Du Bois was a global figure, a world traveler, a convener of Pan African Congresses, and an enemy of colonialism. He fought for peace throughout his life. Du Bois fought hard against the idea that African American education should be vocational. He stressed the need for higher education. Chapter Three: Social Work Theories and Approaches 1. Foundational vs. practice theories? Foundational: Foundational theories (or perspectives) comprise general understandings about the underlying makeup and workings of our society. Foundational theories derive from foundational disciplines such as psychology, sociology, economics, political science, and the allied health professions. Examples include ecological theory, cognitive theory, systems theory, structural theory, and critical theory. Can focus on personality, behavior, people, relationships etc. Practice theories/models: Practice models (practice theories), which are built on foundational theories, are specific to how social work is practiced in real-world contexts. Practice theories/models focus on factors that are important for practitioners in assessing a client’s situation and working with a client to determine the most effective intervention. Examples include client centered models, strengths centered models, task centered models, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, solution focused practices, narrative therapy, and creative arts therapy. 2. Individual vs Structural theories Individual: focus on individuals and their immediate interactions with others. Structural: emphasize social structures, processes, and systems and how they shape people’s experiences, both positively and negatively. 3. Conventional vs Progressive perspectives Conventional: “Conventional” approaches, e.g., ecological, cognitive, and systems approaches to social work; Ecological – Interdependent relationships, concept of ecosystem Cognitive – Understand roots of behavior, focus on workings of the mind Systems – focus on wider systems – family, community, school etc. Progressive: “Progressive” approaches, e.g., structural, critical, and anti-oppressive approaches Structural – considers less obvious dimensions ex: social class, race, gender

Critical, and anti-oppressive approaches – Considers socioeconomic structures that oppress and exploit people 4. Generalist social work practice? The basic goal of generalist social work practice is to facilitate the social well-being and social functioning of the person in his or her environment. Rise above personal preferences to advance the social well-being of others through their practice. Constantly monitor and evaluate personal and professional influences that affect how they work with clients. Integrate the relevant codes of conduct and adhere to explicit standard-of-care tenets. Generalist social work is first and foremost tailored to the needs of the client The generalist intervention model also takes into account how differences in personal backgrounds may affect outcomes 5. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? A social theory is a set of ideas that attempts to explain a phenomenon and make predictions 1) Self actualization - morality creativity problem solving etc 2) Esteem - self esteem confidence self respect etc 3) Love/Belonging - friendship family sexual intimacy etc 4) Safety - security of body employment family resources etc 5) Physiological - breathing food water sex etc Social Work with Individuals, Groups, and Communities 1. Stages of direct practice with individuals and families? Intake Assessment and planning Intervention Evaluation and termination 2. Direct practice skills? Individuals and families: Active listening, Validating feelings, Interviewing or dialoguing, Paraphrasing, Clarifying, Summarizing Giving information Interpreting Building consensus Group facilitation: Active listening, Expressions of empathy, Questioning, Paraphrasing, Reflecting, Summarizing, Providing information or suggestions, Building consensus, Reframing ideas, Connecting, Focusing on process, Cueing, Supporting ,Blocking, Demonstrating social empathy 3. Types of groups? Groups: Collectives of People Striving for Change, Groups generally fall into the following five categories: Self-help groups Educational groups Support/therapeutic groups

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Task groups Social action groups 4. Different approaches to community work? In the 1960s, Jack Rothman summarized community work as fitting into three distinct types: Locality development (Community Development): focuses on issues relevant to a particular neighborhood or geographic space Social planning: an expert-driven approach to community work, often found in social planning councils and city planning departments Social action: often uses social protest to challenge injustices (e.g., the anti-globalization movement, the feminist movement, and the anti-racist movement) 5. Who is Jack Rothman? In the 1960s, Jack Rothman summarized community work as fitting into three distinct types. Jack Rothman is an American sociologist and social worker. He is best known for his work in community organizing within the field of social work. He has authored some 25 books and monographs and lectured extensively on social problems and social change. He is professor emeritus of social welfare at UCLA Luskin. Jack Rothman has made groundbreaking contributions to the profession in the area of practice and also in research. 6. Who is Saul Alinsky? Winning Battles for Marginalized Communities Considered to be the founder of modern community organizing – focused on workers’ conditions. Alinsky did not believe that capitalism itself needed to be challenged, but that creating confrontation could redistribute resources within that system. Building community organizations is instrumental in community work, Community work needs to be fun. He used unorthodox, confrontational tactics for community organizing. The element of surprise is effective for communities that challenge power holders. Saul David Alinsky was an American community activist and political theorist. His work through the Chicago-based Industrial Areas Foundation helping poor communities organize to press demands upon landlords, politicians, economists, bankers and business leaders won him national recognition and notoriety. 7. Who is Paulo Freire? Had an approach to community mobilization. Freire developed a radical approach to education that is applicable to community practice. Educator in Brazil in the 1950’s, Criticized the “banking approach to education”. Promoted approach where educators ask questions. Begin with a listening survey, The organizer and a small learning group gather to go through the findings of the listening survey. Codes are presented to the community to stimulate discussion & action. Promotes PRAXIS: a process of reflection & action. Developing a critical, conscious mindset. 8. Who is Bill Lee? (stages of community work)

Coined and wrote about the stages of community work, ie the pragmatics of community work. William Lee is an American writer. He is the author of three books. He is a former member of the San Francisco Chinatown gang that was responsible for the 1977 Golden Dragon massacre. He conceptualizes community as a dynamic network of interpersonal relations based on overlapping elements of geography, functions, attributes, and interests; all having specific boundaries and, to some extent, a definite consciousness. Lee sees community practice not only as planning or coordinating services to be more efficient, or correcting power imbalances in society; but, more so as a means of addressing the goals of empowerment and social justice 9. What are the stages of community work? And groups? Communities: Learning the history about the community, contact and engagement, meeting with community members, developing the skills of the community, organizational development ie develop roles, action planning and mobilization ie building consensus, conflict resolution ie mediating conflict Groups: Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning Chapter Four: Social Work and Child Welfare 1. What is the child welfare system? Canada currently has no national child welfare system.Each province and territory assumes responsibility for child welfare. (There are 53 separate child welfare agencies in Ontario.)First Nations child welfare is provided by the provincial agency, by a First Nations agency, or directly by First Nations agencies.Services include: Child and family investigation Family support Child placement Foster care Guardianship – “Crown Wards” Adoption 2. In home services vs out of home services? In home: Provided to help family members live together harmoniously in a secure and safe environment examples; (family counseling, parenting supports, and family educational services). Out of home: Implemented when the home situation becomes unsuitable for the child examples; (kinship care, residential care, reunification services, and transition programs). 3. Best Interest vs. Least restrictive approaches Best Interest: The best interests approach emphasizes the protection and well-being of the child above all else.

Least restrictive: approach emphasizes the course of action that will cause the least disruption or change for the child, preferably leaving him or her with the family if at all possible 4. Child maltreatment and neglect and different types of abuse Nevertheless, child maltreatment falls into five broad categories: Physical abuse - 20% Sexual abuse - 3% Neglect - 34% Emotional maltreatment - 9% Exposure to domestic violence - 34% 5. Collaborative approaches to child neglect? Today’s collaborative approaches are based on developing constructive and positive working relationships between social work professionals and family members: Family Group Conference (FGC): Interested parties plan out the child’s safety and well-being. Mediation: Focus is on common goals and interests and mutually acceptable solutions that benefit the child. Cultural and/or Traditional Decision Making: Following community- or culturally-based models and practices. Signs of Safety. Strengths-base: Collaboration between family members and child-protection workers to focus on safety planning. Many practitioners began to adopt a range of collaborative approaches to use alongside risk-assessment tools. 6. What is the duty to report? Duty to Report. We have a duty to report child abuse and neglect if we have reasonable grounds to suspect that a child is/may be in need of protection. 7. Risk Assessment? Risk assessments estimate the likelihood that a child will be maltreated and, if a harmful event should occur, the potential severity of that harm.Many opponents of risk-assessment approaches argued that, in practice, these approaches contributed to the erosion of professional practice in favor of managerialism (Callahan and Swift, 2007). Structural Risks: Housing. Inadequate housing is a structural risk factor often correlated with poverty. Substance use. Substance use is a significant contributory risk factor. Poverty. Poverty is the leading structural risk factor associated with the removal of all children, and particularly First Nations children. Family risks: Lack of parental supervision and/or abuse by parents 8. Indigenous children in childcare?

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The period from 1867 to 1890 saw new laws that began to change the exalted position of husbands and fathers, but times remained difficult for children and women. The legislative right of men to inflict arbitrary and severe punishment on their wives and children was beginning to be challenged. This period also saw the beginning of a campaign to assimilate Indigenous children into mainstream Canadian society. The Indian Act (1876) exemplified the colonizers’ patronizing views toward First Nations and their children. Systemic risks: Indigenous children in Canada are over-represented in out-of-home care They make up just 15% of the total child population, but 40% of children in care.There are more First Nations children in foster care today than at the height of Residential Schools. The impoverished conditions of Indigenous peoples are rooted in a legacy of colonialism and policies that for decades separated children from their families. Research confirms that the average child poverty rate for Indigenous children is 40%, in contrast to the average child poverty rate for all children in Canada, which is 17%. 50% of Status First Nations children live in poverty in a First Nations community. First Nations child-welfare agencies are chronically underfunded. Indigenous children in childcare; Structural Risks: Housing. Inadequate housing is a structural risk factor often correlated with poverty. Substance use. Substance use is a significant contributory risk factor. Poverty. Poverty is the leading structural risk factor associated with the removal of all children, and particularly First Nations children. Family risks: Lack of parental supervision and/or abuse by parents 9. History of child welfare Prior to 1890: The children of rural settler families typically worked at farming alongside other family members, and a strict division of labor was enforced. The wife and children existed as dependents of the family patriarch. By contrast, most Indigenous peoples of Canada believe that the connection of a child to community is non-discretionary — it is the responsibility of everyone to meet the child’s needs. The Period from 1867 to 1890: The period from 1867 to 1890 saw new laws that began to change the exalted position of husbands and fathers, but times remained difficult for children and women. The legislative right of men to inflict arbitrary and severe punishment on their wives and children was beginning to be challenged. This period also saw the beginning of a campaign to assimilate Indigenous children into mainstream Canadian society. The Indian Act (1876) exemplified the colonizers’ patronizing views toward First Nations and their children. The late 1890’s and early 1900’s: Increase In Government Involvement In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a marked increase in government involvement in child welfare. Federal and provincial legislation were enacted that allowed the state to remove children from their parents or guardians. In the 1890s, Canadian provinces began to establish commissions to inspect the working conditions for children in factories. Several important women’s organizations played an important role in the

development of child and family welfare in this country, as well as in improvements to the status of women. 20th century changing paradigms: Child welfare was originally entrenched in the child-saving paradigm—the perceived need to rescue children from abusive and neglectful parents. By the 1920s, a new concept of “childhood” was emerging based on notions that: Family care, even flawed family care, was better than institutional care. A natural family was better than a foster family 10. Post World War II? The post-World War II period saw an expansion of research and of empirical knowledge related to child welfare and child maltreatment in particular. For example: Battered-child syndrome. American pediatrician Dr. C. Henry Kempe identified child abuse as a regular and recurring aspect in many households rather than a sensational exception. 11. Expansion of child welfare? There was a shift from volunteers to a more professionalized service delivery system.Provincial governments began to accept direct responsibility for the delivery of child welfare services.Social work agencies began to develop and implement risk-assessment models and standardized record-keeping methods. 12. Individual vs structural approach? Child-protection legislation tends to take an individualistic approach i.e. responsibility rests with the parent(s)/guardian(s) to provide a safe and supportive environment for the child.Many researchers and practitioners argue for an approach that addresses systemic issues, such as poverty and discrimination.This perspective acknowledges the relationship between personal struggles and the degree of adequacy of social conditions (or “structural imperatives”). Individual problems may be connected to societal problems 13. Stages of Social work and social welfare in Canada Initial response ; Investigation ; Substantiation ; can lead to termination or assessment report and service plan ; termination 14. Substitute homes vs group homes Substitute: Foster homes provide substitute parenting for children *who cannot safely stay with their own families, *for children whose families have asked for help, or *for children whose families need specific or periodic help in caring for their children. The child is entitled to receive: physical care, such as clothing, food, and shelter; emotional care, including love and inclusion; nurturing of both intellectual and emotional development; guidance and supervision; and positive role modeling. Group homes: Staffed group care residences often have between two and eight young people. Three factors are important in influencing a young person’s experience in a group home: Creating an extrafamilial environment, Responding to pain and pain-based behavior, Developing a sense of normality

15. Jordans principle? Jordan’s Principle calls on all government institutions and departments to ensure that children’s needs are met first and jurisdictional disputes are resolved later. This approach was named for Jordan River Anderson, a child from Norway House Cree Nation in Manitoba. Jordan remained in hospital for several years because neither the federal nor the provincial government would take responsibility for funding his at-home care. He died in 2005 at the age of five. 16. 4 Purposes of child-related income security benefits - Reduce child poverty, Supplement income of lower-income families and children, provide a minimum income - Generate ‘horizontal equity’ for households with children. Based on the idea that parents with children have higher/heavier financial demands than childless couples & single persons with the same income - Act as an economic stimulus by putting money in the hands of those most likely to spend it. Provide a monthly cheque that can be spent on necessities - Recognize parents as contributors to society’s future, The children of today are the future, Families with children contribute to the future

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