SOCY384

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Page 1 of 8 pages QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY FINAL EXAMINATION FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY SOCY 384 — Professor Burfoot April 23, 2019 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS: This examination is 2 HOURS in length. There are 2 sections to this examination: One section of 20 True or False responses, and one section of 20 multiple-choice questions. PLEASE ANSWER ALL 40 QUESTIONS. Record all your responses at the number on the Scantron sheet provided that corresponds with the exam question here. No aids are allowed. Put your student number on the Scantron sheet where indicated. RELAX and FOCUS! breathe PLEASE NOTE: Proctors are unable to respond to queries about the interpretation of exam questions. Do your best to answer exam questions as written. This material is copyrighted and is for the sole use of students registered in SOCY 384 and writing this exam. This material shall not be distributed or disseminated. Failure to abide by these conditions is a breach of copyright and may also constitute a breach of academic integrity under the University Senate's Academic Integrity Policy Statement.

Page 2 of 8 pages SECTION ONE - TRUE or FALSE. For each of the following 20 questions answer either (A) for TRUE or (B) for FALSE on the Scantron sheet, making sure that the question number matches where you place your response. Each question is worth one mark. 1. One thing we have seen in this course is that although the politics of reproduction changed throughout time, the social acts surrounding reproduction remained the same. TRUE or FALSE? 2. Throughout human history, women long held a position of authority over many aspects associated with human reproduction. TRUE or FALSE? 3. Forceps, a birthing tool developed in secret by the Chamberlen family starting in the 1600s is still used today by most doctors attending births in Canada. TRUE or FALSE? 4. There were distinct values placed on female and male reproductive roles in ancient written theories of reproduction, which persisted into the 1500s: these values typically reflected a respect of the female as the more important force in human reproduction. TRUE or FALSE? 5. The significant difference between Seed Theory and Preformation Theory of reproduction is that the first theory relies on a model of human development from the unorganized to the complex and organized, like a plant growing from a seed; whereas the second theory claims that the components that form a human (especially male semen) are already complete and organized, and grow in size, not complexity. TRUE or FALSE? 6. A good example of medicalization is how masculine behavior (a social phenomenon) is reduced to an individual issue (failure to perform an idealized masculine role) and so is treated medically (erectile dysfunction). TRUE or FALSE? 7. The most effective form of social control of reproduction is legislation, such as laws that allow for abortion. TRUE or FALSE? 8. Canada, unlike Germany with its history of horrific use of eugenics to try and exterminate the Jews, has never sought to control designated populations based on the principle of “improving” the race. TRUE or FALSE? 9. As LGBTQ rights are recognized in general; their right to create families have followed automatically. TRUE or FALSE?

Page 3 of 8 pages 10. In vitro fertilization (IVF) developed from technologies first applied in non human animals (that serve meat and milk industries primarily). TRUE or FALSE? 11. IVF and its associated technologies used in medicine can be seen to produce new kinship norms (different ways to socially relate to children), but not new biological norms (such as different ways to physically generate a baby). TRUE or FALSE? 12. Sex selection was initially possible using techniques to sex the embryo in the pregnant woman’s body as with amniocentesis, a procedure which carries a risk of miscarriage; IVF allows for the sexing of gametes (eggs and sperm) and embryos prior to implantation in the body, which could increase the uptake of sex selection by making it easier and less risky. TRUE or FALSE? 13. One of the distinguishing principles of Canadian legislation of new reproductive technologies (NRTs) is that access is granted to single women. TRUE or FALSE? 14. Women'’s access to safe and legal abortion in an example of reproductive rights and Afro Americans right to have children, not have children, and keep the children they have, is an example of reproductive justice. TRUE or FALSE? 15. One of the initial objections by some feminists to NRTs, such as non-altruistic surrogacy, is that “choice” is socially controlled. TRUE or FALSE? 16. Today there is little concern, feminist or otherwise, over surrogacy especially with the recent expansion of it into developing countries where women often need the money. TRUE or FALSE? 17. “Engineering maternity” refers to the many roles and procedures now involved in reproduction, such as egg donor, gestational carrier, and social mother. TRUE or FALSE? 18. The acronym in TRAP laws in the US refers to Treating Reproduction and Abortion Professionally. TRUE or FALSE? 19. Abortion law in the US today itself is not as threatened as is the means under which abortion can be provided in various states. TRUE or FALSE? 20. Because CRISPR Cas9 is easy and inexpensive to use as a genetic engineering tool, it is unlikely to generate much financial interest. TRUE or FALSE? Section Two continues on next page...

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Page 4 of 8 pages SECTION TWO — Multiple Choice. For each of the following 20 questions choose one of the possible answers and record it on the Scantron sheet. Make sure that the question number on the exam matches where you place your response on the Scantron sheet, and that the lettered answer is correctly noted on the Scantron sheet. Each question is worth one mark. 21. We examined the sociology of reproduction through the ages in terms of all except: a) b) c) d) ¢) pregnancy as a fragile and vulnerable state. the role of birth attendants. domestic violence and pregnancy. pregnancy as a metaphor of powerful fertility in general. the role of science and medicine in pregnancy and birth. 22. In the pre modern period, authority over pregnancy and birth went through a significant shift: a) b) c) d) €) from female midwives physically attending women during pregnancy and birth to mainly female physicians who provided diagnoses and philosophies of birth. from male midwives and pharmacists to male physicians. from female midwives using forceps kept secret to physicians relying on modern medical knowledge. all of the above none of the above 23. J. Marion Simm:s is best known for his development of a surgical technique to repair reproductive fistulae; he did so by experimenting on Afro American slaves. His experimentation: 24. a) b) c) d) €) led to routine surgery used to relieve women of the socially ostracizing effects of tears in the bladder and/or the colon during child birth. involved multiple surgical experimentations without anaesthetic. was a brutal exploitation of Black women that he would not dare practice on white women. (a) and (b) only (a), (b) and (c). One of the following reflects an ancient theory of human reproduction. Which one? a) b) c) female menstrual fluid gives form to the fetus. there is a preformed code in both human gametes (eggs and sperm) that equally contribute to form the fetus. male sperm gives form to the fetus.

Page 5 of 8 pages 25. All of the following are aspects of sociology’s medicalization theory that we examined, except one. Which one? a) b) c) modern medicine has become a stable part of social structure and functions as a regulator of moral deviance. modern medicine is chiefly offered from a socialist platform, providing universal access to healthcare in all developed countries. modern medicine has been criticized as a form of social harm and social control. 26. The medicalization theory relates to reproduction in all of the following ways except for one. Which one? a) b) c) d) traditional midwives welcomed the medicalization of pregnancy and birth. women have faced systemic gender barriers to entering the modern medical profession. women have formed movements to take back control over their reproductivity by learning more about how their bodies are understood in medical terms. women (and their children) have been victims of medical experimentation such as in the treatment of morning sickness with Thalidomide. 27. Which of the following statements does not relate to the social control of reproduction? a) b) the Pill became widely available in the 1960s and served a variety of social needs including a new interest in world population control, family planning among both monied and poor people, and effectively transferred the social control of reproduction from traditional religious authorities to civic society. initially abortion was considered and controlled as part of the overall reproductive health of the woman by women, then moral concern rose among the three main organized religions worldwide who regulated access to abortion on a moral basis in exactly the same way between the three religions. despite moral and legal barriers to women’s access to effective contraception and abortion, there were various ways women got around these barriers.

Page 6 of 8 pages 28. Social organization around sexuality and reproduction changes and has enormous impacts on us as individuals and as groups as seen in all of the following except: a) b) c) d) €) the Pill, changed social expectations about women’s sexual role without necessarily improving respect for women. with the gradual lifting of traditional moral barriers to heterosexual activity outside of marriage, many capitalized on the technologies used to prevent unwanted pregnancies, creating a whole industry in reproductive control. although many women appreciated having more and more effective contraception technologies that allowed them to control family size, they did not enter the workplace to a degree that made much of a social impact. gay men and lesbians had to fight hard for the recognition of their sexual orientation as normal; this struggle continues today with LGBTQ family formation. gender is constantly changing, and our bodies can be socially handled to submit to or resist social norms that declare what sexuality “should” be. 29. We can say in today’s Canadian society that sexuality has been split away from reproduction for all of the reasons below except? a) b) c) you do not have to get married. you do not have to engage in heterosexual sex in order to become a parent. you do not have to become a parent when you engage in heterosexual sex. 30. The initial development of IVF as a medical intervention was directly associated with all of the following statements except one. Which one? 31. a) b) c) d) Dr. Robert Edwards’s early research into promoting fertility through IVF was supported by funding agencies interested in limiting world population growth. initial public concern over the externalization of conception and just-conceived embryos, was downplayed by showing pictures of these embryos. Chinese scientists’ have used CRISPR Cas9 techniques to genetically engineer embryos that have been brought to term. techniques of handling human eggs, sperm and newly conceived embryos were learned from the same techniques used in sheep and cows. Genetics was associated with IVF medical applications from the start because: a) b) ©) d) e) with IVF you have an entire human genome available for genetic research. doctors wished to use genetic screening of pre implanted embryos to improve health outcomes for the people born from those embryos. scientists wanted to learn more about human genetics. there was effectively little to prevent access to human genes through IVF. all of the above.

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Page 7 of 8 pages 32. Concerns publically expressed over women’s donation of mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) as creating a three-parent child were addressed by: a) b) c) d) emphasizing how little, comparatively speaking, women’s mt DNA contributes to the entire genetic combination of a new being. equating mt DNA to tissue donation. describing the donation as a “gift of health rather than life.” all of the above. 33. In a study (by Brigham et al) of regulating IVF practice in Western Europe, we saw how they came to all of the following conclusions except one. Which one? 34. a) b) c) d) people will cross borders to get access to IVF if it is not available to them in their own country due to cost or legal restrictions. the less restrictions there are on IVF use, the more it is accessed. I'VF is regulated in the same way across almost all western countries. the more IVF is publically funded, the more restrictions are placed on accessing it. Which of the following statements best reflects feminists’ initial concern with NRTs? a) b) c) they were concerned with how NRTs reduced reproduction to its base parts, commodified and experimented on women and children, while increasing fetal personhood. they were primarily concerned that marginalized women would not be able to access the NRTs. their chief concern was with experimentation on human embryos. 35. When we examined reproduction as a site of consumption, all of the following were found to be the case, except for one. Which one? a) b) c) reproductive consumption refers only to the use of contraceptive medications and devices, and infertility and abortion services. reproduction consumption can be where reproductive culture and agency are produced. instead of accepting or rejecting individual reproductive products for consumption, we adapt different values for the same product based on the appropriateness of their use.

Page 8 of 8 pages 36. Which of the following is an example of structural inequities that we examined in terms of genetic engineering worldwide? a) b) c) d) large-scale plant-based food companies in wealthy nations grab fertile land in developing countries for consumption chiefly in developed nations. rights of property protection, especially patenting, are applied to genetically engineered entities (including plants and mammals) as inventions, so that companies own and control entire genetic lines. surrogacy as part of a “global care chain.” all of the above. 37. The following positions are common to most Middle East Islamic responses to NRTs, a) b) <) except for one, which one? using NRTs to treat infertility is welcome, except for the use of donated eggs, sperm or embryos. surrogacy is allowed. all infertility treatment is restricted to heterosexual and married couples. 38. feminists who responded to the 1990s report of the Canadian royal commission examining NRTs stated all of the following except one. Which one? a) b) c) the gestational mother should be recognized as the legal mother. the contracting mother should be recognized as the legal mother. with the advent of externalized conception, the transfer of eggs and embryos, and surrogacy, women'’s experience of reproduction can be equal to that of men. 39. Which, if any, of the first three statements below about the genetic engineering tool CRISPR Cas9 is not true? a) b) c) d) it was developed from a naturally-occurring defense mechanism found in yogurt bacteria. it is a two-stage process that claims to efficiently and precisely locate, remove, and replace genetic sequences. it has been reportedly used in human embryos that were then implanted and brought to term. (a), (b), and (c) are all true. 40. The main concerns of the use of CRISPR Cas9 include: a) b) ¢) d) €) tracking intentional genetic mutations. being precise with intended genetic mutations. the compression of time as we instantly activate genetic selection. (a) and (c) only (a), (b) and (c). the end — phew!

SOCY384

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