Child Trafficking

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1 Applied Project- Child Trafficking Matthew B. Marquez Saint Leo University CRJ 590: Applied Project in Criminal Justice Administration Dr. Karin May December 6, 2023

2 Child Trafficking I. The Problem Statement "God's children are not for sale." This statement is a famous phrase throughout the movie " Sound of Freedom. " Many got the opportunity to witness the severity of child trafficking throughout this film, but the conflict has not reached its end (Abrams, 2023). Human trafficking, especially regarding children, continues to become a global conflict. Studies declare that the majority of the victims of human trafficking are women and children. Specific laws concerning sex trafficking continue to be undefined. Nonetheless, according to the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 , commercial sex act or trafficking defines itself as a force, fraud, coercion, or induced performing individual, younger than the years of eighteen, to conduct or partake in sexual conduct (without their consent) (Glover, 2016). II. Factors Bearing on the Problem Daily, a child's life or childhood is stripped away. Human trafficking is horrific as it is, but it is worse when the situation involves children. From 2016-2018, 13% to 17% of cases concerning child trafficking cases were reported. Nonetheless, the ongoing conflict receives little attention (Child & Family Policy Institute of California, n.d.). Not only does California contain several locations, but research indicates that many citizens, particularly a family of four, in California, gain an annual salary of $36,900, according to the California Poverty Measure (CPM) (Danielson et al., 2023). In 2014, Los Angeles County established the First Responder Protocol to guide law enforcement officials to identify youth or exploited girls. Nonetheless, less than five hundred (three hundred and sixty-five exact) children

3 and teens were "recovered" (Tiano, 2018). Numbers change daily, but how is this conflict progressing? What are the fundamental factors of this ongoing situation?  Factor One: Traffickers take advantage of the youth's social status. This indicates that the trafficker tends to prey on those financially struggling (living in poverty) (Polaris, 2020).  Factor Two: Sexual abuse leads to horrific outcomes, but behavior can negatively impact a child's life. Sexual abuse is another leading factor concerning child trafficking (Polaris, 2020).  Factor Three: Many individuals have social media accounts (Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, etc.), but these social networking locations are not always beneficial. Many traffickers can use sexual hashtags to attract their prey; for instance, using hashtags that contain the words; sex, porn, milf, etc. (Tiidenberg & Van der Nagel, 2020).  Factor Four: Promising adults an opportunity for modeling or action careers is another common trait to draw victims, but this indication does not mean it applies to children or teens. Traffickers may implement fake opportunities for sex trafficking victims (Polaris, 2020). The battle against child trafficking has been a long fight, and sadly, it has not ended. Many agencies and worldwide communities use their voices and posts to spread awareness, but there is rarely change. With the four mentioned factors traffickers tend to implement to gather victims, it is possible to use it against them or have them fall into their trap. Having them taste their own medicine may be the best way to reduce or end the battle of child trafficking.

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4 III. Discussion Annually, four million minors or youth come against poverty in the United States. This indicates that many find ways to survive. In contrast, research clarifies that youth engage in sexual acts to meet their requirements. While this behavior increases annually by 10%, many minors seek others, through the internet, to participate in sexual acts. Los Angeles is one of the states that experience these conducts, but youth don't engage in these behaviors because they enjoy them; they perform them to survive (Srivastava et al., 2019). While technology is another tool to examine the youth's social or poverty (financial) struggle, research indicates that the trafficker can follow the victim at a Walmart or Starbucks (Taylor Ring, 2020). In contrast, this can be an alternative that traffickers can implement to examine one's social status. This is not always the case or a trafficker's fundamental behavior, according to research; nevertheless, without an adult's supervision, child sex traffickers notice that a child or teen is desperate for survival. Children or teens are promised shelter, food, drugs, money, love, and acceptance. While these elements meet the adolescent's needs, research indicates that these teens don't realize they're walking into a sex trafficking ring. Due to California's child/teen sex trafficking, pimps manipulate homeless youth. By implementing mindset games or psychological manipulation, pimps can successfully recruit teens or children into sex trafficking. It can be tempting to believe the manipulation technique applies to young females, but male teens are not forgotten. For better clarification, some pimps use this method on boys (Klein, 2023). Many nations or states provide foster care services. In contrast, intel indicates releasing youth from foster care increases their opportunities to experience homelessness and social, financial, and mental conflicts. This causes existing foster care agencies to locate those seeking shelter. While this doesn't resonate specifically in California, it is vital to consider its statement

5 since this is a global reality declaration (Bender et al., 2015). Nonetheless, some foster agencies locate homeless youth and seek to aid them, but this does not guarantee complete safety. Many exploiters understand that children contain sensitive feelings whenever they are in foster care. These feelings can demonstrate emotional family reflection or not living in a stable home (Klein, 2023). Research proves that more than 50% of children (an estimation of three thousand) in the child welfare system in Los Angeles County become victims of sex trafficking. For better clarity, children or teens between the ages of 12 and 13 enter this environment (Ridley, 2014). Fear impacts more children than adults. Not only is this fundamental emotion children and teens feel whenever being trafficked. Many officials or workers in child welfare systems are educated about the scenario (child/sex trafficking). In contrast, their objective is to aid youth or children, not threaten them. There have been reports where a child's exploiter threatens them with starvation, physical abuse, or threatening to hurt their families (Klein, 2013). Since exploiters know that a child does not have signs of financial income, they use this debility to their advantage (Ridley, 2014). One of the elements of a child's social status is their education. This relates to education attainment since this element resonates with socioeconomic (American Psychological Association, 2010). Law enforcement officials or school police officers understand their duties when engaging in their professions. It is understandable for school security guard officers to have higher rules and ethical standards regarding school protection. In contrast, this does not indicate everyone follows the rules. This can signify that school guard officers can attempt to commit sex or child trafficking. A school security guard may assume they have the higher hand or presume they won't get caught, but everyone makes a mistake.

6 As stated earlier, children can presume they are powerless or demonstrate signs of intimidation by adults, especially school workers. A Los Angeles undercover police officer was caught engaging or attempting to engage in child trafficking by another undercover officer. The perpetrator, Mauricio Edgardo Estrada, was caught inducing another undercover officer (portraying a fifteen-year-old girl) without Estrada's knowledge on Craigslist. Estrada agreed to engage in sex by paying the girl $150. However, when Edgardo arrived at Artesia's gas station, he was arrested and taken into custody by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, containing a $150 item possession (United States Attorney's Central District of California, 2018). According to the criminal investigation, there were no signs of force, aggression, or words of threat, but observing how the Californian security school guard officer attempts to prey on a fifteen-year-old girl in grade school illustrates how traffickers take advantage of a youth or child's social status (United States Attorney's Central District of California, 2018). In contrast, research continues indicating how kids or young girls are recruited in school, especially in low- income areas. Once again, education or locations relating to the terminology are other areas where child trafficking occurs. A former child trafficker victim shares her testimony concerning the scenario. While Carrie (the victim) was trafficked at fourteen, resources indicate traffickers abuse a young girl's vulnerability (Feinstein, 2015). Many traffickers presume children don't have sufficient knowledge because of their mentality and age, but sooner or later, people get caught. Nonetheless, traffickers, and sometimes the public, do not understand the effects it leaves on the child once they are victims of child trafficking, specifically when the conflict contains conduct of sexual abuse. Once sexual abuse enters the scenario, the conflict worsens. As Dave Pelzer once said, "Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul" (Ineffable Living, 2023).

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7 Sexual abuse is another global conflict, but it resonates with child trafficking since many children experience this daily horrific conduct. Before explaining the effects of sexual abuse concerning child trafficking, examining how the law comes into play is vital. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPT) of 1974 was designed to protect children from abuse and neglect by raising awareness or identification, investigations, and reports. This is an essential statement because this is how many jurisdictions or states fight against child trafficking. Research indicates that girls are more affected by this behavior than boys. While many states contain this federal law, research indicates the types of sexual abuse. Apart from child exploitation and prostitution, ritual abuse has been proven to reflect sexual abuse or child trafficking (Kinnear, 2007). Concerning ritual conduct in sexual child abuse, this can include religious worship or displays. In other words, using these manipulations relates to child sexual abuse. In contrast, child pornography is another horrific behavior. Not only is this behavior conducted in child trafficking; however, but research states that some offenders leave pictures of kids in erotic positions where other children can examine them and believe that this conduct is acceptable. Nonetheless, kids do not know how this behavior will traumatize them physically and mentally. Being sexually abused as a child leads to many effects, but one of the outcomes of this conduct is post-traumatic stress syndrome. While this signifies the subject or child has been exposed to traumatic experience or physical integrity, the minor can present illustrations of agitated behavior or other motions resonating with fear, helplessness, or horror (Kinnear, 2007). Furthermore, post-traumatic stress syndrome leads children to have additional or persistent traumatic memories. From a psychological perspective, these events reflect persistent trauma stimuli avoidance and paralyzing general responsiveness. According to research, children

8 may forget or avoid the memory, but it never leaves, meaning the reminder sneaks back into the child's mind. In contrast, eating disorders, substance abuse (drugs or alcohol), and depression are additional outcomes. Evidence states that many young females were sexually abused (nine years old or younger), causing them to abuse different substances. On the other hand, those who conducted or submitted to sexual acts without resisting the behavior have a higher chance of experiencing substance abuse. Concerning the depression perspective, children younger than fifteen who have experienced sexual abuse encounter depression, compared to women who were not abused sexually. Regarding eating disorders, sexually abused victims tend to encounter higher purging and dieting behaviors. Other factors concerning this disorder are that sexually abused victims were more likely to express or demonstrate dissatisfaction regarding their bodies. Not only do these statements resonate with female youth between the ages of ten and fifteen; nevertheless, they can lead to the illusion of unacceptance. In other words, assuming no one will believe they are acceptable, directing the subject or child to be trafficked (Kinnear, 2007). Summarizing and comparing these statements or effects to California is crucial since the state itself contains its definition of the factor (sexually abusing children). According to the Sexual Abuse Penal Code § 11165.1 , sexually abusing a child signifies sexual assault or exploitation. Furthermore, this terminology includes the characteristics of rape, statutory rape, lascivious conduct towards a child, or child penetration. In contrast, the code refers to sexual exploitation as depicting or employing a child in obscene conduct. These behaviors can consist of preparing, selling, or distributing the child. If a perpetrator gets caught motivating a child to perform sexual acts, for instance, having them take photos, draw or paint them, preparing them for a pornographic film, or exchanging child tapes of them, in a sexual matter, resonates with sexual exploitation. Comparing these concepts with the effects of sexual abuse within child

9 trafficking in California indicates that perpetrators caught committing these acts will be judged according to the state's jurisdiction (Kinnear, 2007). As stated earlier, fear is one of the elements regarding the negative effects or outcomes of child trafficking. In Southern California, young individuals (between the ages of 12-19) were afraid or worried about being judged. One of the individuals declared that some people would tell them that they should be in school, not conducting sexual acts. Another young individual stated how you can flee the scenario, but your soul will be attached. In contrast, others mentioned how they were beaten. This caused victims to avoid seeking aid or health providers. In continuation, victims stated they were afraid to visit hospitals because the presumption of being arrested was their assumption. Nevertheless, California implemented the 1322 Senate Bill, indicating that minors cannot be arrested or charged with intentional prostitution and loitering (National Center for Youth Law, 2022). While this is a semi or slightly recent law implementation, the effects of sexual abuse crafted a greater impact on victims than the fear of the law (Maghsoodi et al., 2018). Being "street smart" was one of the components victims relied upon regarding survival. While strength, skills, and self-reliance were additional elements for surviving sexual abuse within child trafficking, it can be challenging to leave this environment due to its psychological impact (Maghsoodi et al., 2018). With the advancement of technology or the increase of individuals on social media, finding someone is becoming effortless. With famous social media platforms, such as Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter, hash-tagging sexual words makes it painless to locate other sexual content or people. However, this is where child trafficking increases. Social media has its pros and cons. Many use them to share their personal stories or journeys, but some rely upon them for other reasons, for instance, establishing or building their

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10 business. It is essential to mention that child trafficking is a business. Yes, it is an act that destroys the lives of many, but this is the reality. In marketing, marketers implement several factors or techniques to establish their company. Without income, their company falls. This is one of the fundamental statements in marketing. Nevertheless, great content and crowd-drawing hashtags are the primary ingredients to gain or attract others. As stated earlier, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, and TikTok are some of the current famous apps in today's society. Estimating the number of users throughout these platforms is challenging. However, many of these social media platforms have a connection to child trafficking in California (Rosenhall, 2023). Many agencies or legislations in California address the conflict between social media and child trafficking. Some lawmakers did not want the courts to address this problem, but other stakeholders or legal offices mentioned how some of these social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok) are used to sell kids, recruit minors who are sold for sex, or webcasting stripteases. Repeatedly, the National Human Trafficking Hotline provides intel on the connection between technology and human trafficking. While this reference resonates with the Administration for Children and Families , some of these social media users are constantly creating new sexual video feeds or methods that demonstrate exploitation. In contrast, some teens are asked through TikTok to livestream sexual acts by strangers. While payment is offered, social media accounts are an eye-opener regarding youth or child trafficking, especially in California (Rosenhall, 2023). Those interacting in sexual interactions regarding social media tend to have two objectives. Fun and indispensability. As noted earlier, creating, producing, and sharing sexual material are elements of creative practices concerning social media. Nevertheless, hashtags are

11 what generate awareness or viewers. Many of these hashtags are explicit or contain inadmissible words; for instance, anal, boobs, blowjob, sex, curvy, tits, natural-tits, milf, as noted earlier. Some of these hashtags no longer allow the user(s) to see content that is related to these words, but during the early and mid-2010s, these terms were used throughout several of the mentioned social media platforms (Tidenberg & Van der Nagel, 2020). Several agencies in California address this portion of child trafficking, for instance, the LA County Child Protection Hotline. While this department contains multiple pieces of information concerning child trafficking recruitment, one of the statements it mentions is online grooming. This term signifies how recruiters use social media to obtain victims. This action is demonstrated by catfishing another individual (pretending to be someone they are not) to gather the subject's attention. Not only will the recruiter or trafficker engage in a trust-building conversation, but an attempt to set a meet-up may occur, leading to child trafficking (County of Los Angeles, n.d.). Some children or teens have the privilege of having strict parents or guardians who supervise the minor's social media accounts, but others do not have that discipline. In the summer of 2020, a California man, Jahque Dijion Williams, age twenty-one, was sentenced to one hundred and twenty months in prison for sex trafficking a minor. The Human Trafficking Unit of the Los Angeles Police Department, Homeland Security Investigations, The Mesa Police Department, and The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department began their investigations when a seventeen-year-old minor was physically assaulted in a hospital. Research indicates that the minor came across Williams through her social media account, but Jahque was not who he said he was. In other words, the perpetrator was pretending to be someone else. After meeting Williams on social media on July 19, 2020, the minor was invited to a party in Phoenix.

12 However, after arriving at the event, the victim noticed the recruiting party was related to commercial sex. The minor was transported for commercial sex and had to work for Williams. While the case was later investigated and Williams prosecuted, using social media or specific hashtags can lead to horrific aftermath (United States Attorney's Office District of Arizona, 2022). NBC 7 San Diego can testify to these declarations since this resource contributes light to the scenario. This reference mentions how many use the term or hashtag #AmericanDream for attention, counting fame, jewelry, and cash. In contrast, many agents declare these hashtags are used in social media. For better clarity, one of the Sector spokespersons from the U.S. Border Patrol in San Diego states their agency noticed a social media recruitment increase, especially in TikTok. While these recruitment increments occurred in San Diego and Los Angeles, research indicates these famous hashtags are designed to traffic minors and sometimes young adults (Crea, 2023). On the contrary, evidence horrifically declares that 422% of online sexual exploitation throughout fifteen years. Furthermore, resources prove that children between the ages of 9-12 have experienced sexually explicit conversations with adults (University of San Diego, n.d.). Social media platforms or the internet contain 62% of criminal sex trafficking cases. While this resonates with adults, children sadly fall into this percentage. This has been occurring since the year 2000. In other words, 55% of sex or child trafficking victims come from social media platforms (University of San Diego, n.d.). Not everyone you meet online is real. Closer examinations show more than just glancing at the photograph and conversation. One of the challenging obstacles in life, especially in adulthood, is job seeking. Many declare you have to know someone for you to get in. While this is a reality statement for many,

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13 children and teens believe this declaration. For better clarity, this causes children to become victims of sex trafficking. Research declares that many agencies highlight the fancy or comfortable life. This indication signifies high-paying modeling jobs or acting gigs. Not only is this accurate in California, but kids receive messages from strangers or sex traffickers on social media to audition for a massive movie role(s) (County of Los Angeles, n.d.). Conversely, messages do not always have to be the case. A simple conversation can also apply. As noted earlier, the famous film "Sound of Freedom" highlights the continuous battle of child trafficking. This film is not a documentary but is based on a true story. One of the scenes throughout this film illustrates how a child modeling recruiter demonstrates her interest in two children, promising them to be stars or famous models. Nonetheless, these two children are taken from their father and home, only to be taken to different locations and leave a life of freedom (for several months) before becoming free from their past traumas. Once again, this was not initiated through an electronic email or message from a specific social media platform but through a conversation (Appelo, 2023). There are testimonies where victims declare their non-intentional entrance into sex or child trafficking. Lexie (a former victim of child trafficking) shared how she was sex trafficked when she was a child and was shown films or clips of pornography before customers would rape her. While being told this was a man's sexual expectation, others declared how they would prey on children, leading them to be victims of child trafficking due to their knowledge of the sex or pornographic industry. It is vital to comprehend the similarities between pornography and child trafficking since many children (victims) have a non-intentional background in porn (Fight the New Drug, 2023).

14 As previously noted, pornography and child trafficking have a connection. Some may assume pornography does not resonate with child trafficking because porn only relates to or contains videos of adults having sex. Conversely, research mentions how minors (between the ages of twelve) became domestic minor sex trafficked victims. In other words, this statement indicates that 21% of children became victims’ part of the porn industry but are still victims of child trafficking (Drug, F.T.N., 2023). Nonetheless, evidence proves how the mentioned percentage reflects fake job opportunities. In 2002, a former victim of child trafficking mentioned how she was promised a better or "greater life." While struggling to live a reasonable and enjoyable life, the female victim was guaranteed by her boyfriend's family that she would become a model and dancer. There are several signs concerning child trafficking, but whenever a subject is trapped in this world, they become a slave. Nonetheless, one must reflect on the word slave, especially whenever someone mentions it in a sentence. Once again, all within a child trafficking perspective (Drug, F.T.N., 2023a). Continuing with the previously stated victim, she believed she would reach her goal or have a job as a model and dancer, but her "job" was being a stream-abusing victim. Many declare they know what is behind the curtains of child trafficking, but considering what has been discovered, how much does society know? The victim continued to state that she would be buried alive if she did not follow her instructions. The aftermath of this behavior led the victim to become a stripper, not a model or dancer (Drug, F.T.N., 2023a). It is devastating to see this perspective from a victim's point of view, but what about the perpetrator's side? How much do they make by doing what they do by taking youth for advantage or lying to them regarding employment?

15 In 2020, a Californian resident, Wilhan Marhano, was arrested and charged with thirty federal counts. This includes the conspiracy of sex trafficking children, promotion, and facilitation relating to prostitution. While the perpetrator's victim was a thirteen-year-old girl, Wilhan made $21 million in two years from his managed website, "New Backpage." The government shut down the site in 2018, but they (the government) located published child trafficking ads (Drug, F.T.N., 2020). Another scenario is when Jacob Blanco, a resident of California, pleaded guilty to child pornography production. Law enforcement discovered that Blanco persuaded minors to send him explicit sexual material from TikTok. Research indicates that Jacob used additional apps to communicate with minors and requested sexual or pornographic images. However, Jacob mentioned he was a promoting modeling agent or a minor to gather these explicit materials. The criminal investigation declares Jacob had communicated with fifty minors (U.S. Department of Justice, 2020). As mentioned earlier, with the cost of living in this world, it can be challenging to make ends meet. Furthermore, with the alert of false job scams, this can cause many, especially minors to sign up for anything. One of the primary statements recruiters mention in the porn industry is creating an incorrect fantasy, crafting the illusion of a better life, or living the dream of a famous star. Many minors fall for this false declaration, sadly. Nonetheless, research will continue to demonstrate that the only ones making a profit are the perpetrators. In contrast, the only payment minors or children receive is abuse, emotional damage, and possible addictions. Some may deny these statements. While evidence will continue to prove these statements, it is best to ask those who lived this horrific lifestyle because some may have lived in these conditions for ten-plus years.

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16 Conclusion California may contain several highlight locations, but it is like a photograph. Sometimes, you must look closer to see the hidden parts. Child trafficking has been present for several years. While some notice the severity of this ongoing conflict, many forget to realize how many children are being slaves. This does not indicate or resonate with a racial perspective but states how kids are being forced to perform sexual acts without their consent or acceptance. Everyone, including children, knows the consequences of their actions, but hard times lead to desperate behavior(s). Children do not wake up one morning and decide to go into child trafficking. Just like we get stripped of something, so do these children's lives. The mindset or mental comprehension of a child is different from adults. This indicates several aspects, but many adults take advantage of children, mentally declaring. Having a child imagine fame, money, acceptance, or love is a recruiter's or child trafficker's favorite method. Some children have dreams. Children do not understand that this is a scheme, but once the mind begins to imagine a successful life, it is challenging to remove that fantasy imagination. In contrast, some children do not do it for fame or a luxurious lifestyle; they make adult decisions (sacrifices) to provide for their loved ones. Many people, including children, do not understand the aftermath of child trafficking. Many adults, including adult porn actors or prostitutes, can declare that they were trafficked as children. The beating, insulting words, drugs, alcohol, consistent rape, anxiety, fears, and the thoughts and actions of suicide happens behind the curtains of child trafficking. This is not only located in California but in every corner of the world. Social media is a great makeup tool to cover up child trafficking, but many forget to understand that this protocol is another resource to kidnap many children. Using sexual hashtags

17 or promoting fake jobs are additional factors concerning child trafficking. The evidence indicates how this resonates with California, but what can be done? Apart from spreading awareness, educating others (adults and students), and implementing laws, which are currently being done in today's society, how about implementing 24/7 federal security in apps and shutting down productions that can resonate with child trafficking? As discussed earlier, pornography contains a connection to child trafficking. Pornography is legal in the United States, but when children are involved, the game changes. Shutting down these productions may lead porn actors without employment, but what is more important, the lifestyle of a pornstar or the lives of children being sold into sex trafficking? Once again, child or sex trafficking can lead to several negative outcomes. This includes slavery and physical abuse. While this paper is focused on California, this is not a state situation but a global conflict. Very few are sharing this conflict, but the battle is too big for just a handful of soldiers. We need more people to fight this battle. At this moment, a child is being raped, beaten, insulted, and sadly finished ending their life due to their current situation (being trafficked). It can be difficult for some to picture this image in their heads because they are not living it. Nonetheless, this is happening as you read this paper. The words and phrases, "Ouch, stop, you are hurting me, no more, Mom, Dad, I cannot take this anymore, God, I am sorry, forgive me, Lord, I am scared, I want to die," are just a fraction of sayings coming out of a child's mouth. Multiple parents and guardians do not hear their children saying these statements. No parent or guardian should have their child embrace this horrific environment. Having you imagine this imagery if this was your child in your mind is something I will not request you to perform, but we must understand this goes through the minds of a parent. Not only parents whose children are being trafficked but also those who try daily to protect their kids from a

18 terrifying life like this. However, I encourage you to re-read the statements children say when being raped or performing sexual content. This is a sign for help. Will we stand by, hoping things get better for these children, which will not, or will we, as a community and nation, fight for those who wish we could save them? Before you decide, I want you to remember that God's children are not for sale (Abrams, 2023). Action Recommended Solving child trafficking in California is not a simple task. Logically, child trafficking is a global conflict, not a state situation. With many agencies, traffickers, social media platforms, and multiple websites, it is challenging to overcome a high wall. Many people notice the problem; promoting civilians has come together to spread the word about child trafficking. As examined earlier, federal agencies have many law enforcement officials to go undercover to catch recruiters in action before arresting them. This is working, but there is room for improvement. Every state has its laws. While several laws resonate with others, the United States has the Constitution. This is what defines the United States of America. However, many misinterpret its regulations. The Constitution of the United States primary meaning is to serve its people. In continuation, it is crafted to provide justice and union, ensure domestic tranquility, give common defense, encourage welfare establishment, and maintain the blessings of liberty towards ourselves and our posterity. These statements resonate with everyone in the United States, including children who are being sex trafficked (United States Senate, 2023). As noted earlier, thousands of people have social media accounts. In contrast, many civilians are business owners and have their proper websites. There are still decent men and women, but not everyone is the same. In comparison to social media, it may be wise to conduct background checks on everyone containing a social media account or personal website.

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19 Many will declare this goes against their First and Fourth Amendments (freedom of speech and privacy violation). While these complaints can create a solid civil violation, many social media platforms and other websites agree to abide by the Federal Communications Commission's terms. This does not resonate with the First Amendment or violate them. In contrast, this does not allow users to post or share whatever they want, not illegal content at least. For better clarity, this legally signifies that if the user violates the platform's rules (legal obligations), shutting them down does not violate their First Amendment right (First Amendment Voice, 2019). Many would debate this concept, but when it involves child trafficking, is the conflict up for debate? Concerning the individual's Fourth Amendment, citizens have the legal right to secure their persons, homes, papers, and effects. This indicates that law enforcement officials cannot conduct unreasonable searches without a warrant or reasonable cause. Depending on the scenario(s), law enforcement officials can enter or collect papers or other physical artifacts, but only with proper or accurate intentions, as previously noted. Observing someone's account due to illegal conduct or felony concerns is not a constitutional violation (First Amendment Voice, 2019). Conversely, Netflix released a drama documentary regarding social media and its impact on society. The Social Dilemma (Netflix movie) illustrates its audience through a drama illustration/documentary on how everything they watch or click on social media (Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram) is monitored. This indicates that the user's behavior is being watched without their consent. This goes against the subject's constitutional rights and consent acceptance/knowledge. On the other hand, parents should monitor their child's smartphone. The law does not legally force the parent or guardian to monitor their child's technological belongings. This

20 conduct is a parent's or guardian's responsibility. Nevertheless, this is another way to prevent child trafficking. Parents must be notified whenever their child downloads, accepts or receives content relating to sexual or child trafficking material/suspicion. Once again, this is a parental job, not a state law implementation. Nonetheless, defining a timeframe and financial estimate requirement is challenging since these recommendations do not fully require financial requirements or a time outline. Rome was not built overnight. It took time and work. This geographic phrase statement resonates with child trafficking. In other words, it requires teamwork, dedication, commitment, consistency, patience, and legal discipline. Financial resources can differ. All this depends on the location, state, or region, but since this conflict resonates with California, research indicates it can cost between $25-280.1 million. While this was the financial cost to spread awareness and gather support from the community and other judicial authorities, its financial statement can remain the same or change if California or the world decides to join the fight, but in their communities (State of California, 2023). Repeatedly, some of the mentioned recommendations are free, but it is up to the individual, parent, guardian, community, and victim to step up. One portion of the community cannot do everything by themselves. Sometimes, the other person or group has to do their part. Will this be a simple or overnight resolution? No. Researchers or statistical observers can predict an estimate, but that is what it is, a prediction, not a confirmation. Wars do not have an end date, but the longer California or the world delays child trafficking, the longer the battle will last. It is not up to the government to decide or provide an exact end date regarding child trafficking. The decision relies upon us to take control and determine when enough is enough. By combining union, strategic planning, and consistency, the fight against child trafficking can end.

21 The world can begin to look brighter for future generations, but it all starts with now. What will you do?

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22 Annotated Bibliography Abrams, L. (2023). God’s children are not for sale. Answers in Genesis . https://answersingenesis.org/reviews/movies/gods-children-are-not-for-sale/ This resource educates subjects about the success and highlight of the recently released movie, " Sound of Freedom. " Due to the success of this film, many began to open their eyes to child trafficking. The author mentions the famous movie quote, "God's children are not for sale," indicating the severity of the ongoing situation. While the film resonates or is focused outside the United States, it emphasizes God's creation (humans) and how they are not designed for slavery or child trafficking (Abrams, 2023). American Psychological Association. (2010). Children, youth, families and socioeconomic status. https://www.apa.org . https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/children- families Socioeconomic status connects to child trafficking. Evidence mentions how this topic can interfere with a subject's mental and physical health. For example, this can create anxiety or stress. Whenever these characteristics enter an individual's life or mind, they create actions that are not fully well thought out. Comparing this to a minor or teen perspective, living in poverty opens the doors to the mentioned effects of socioeconomic status (anxiety and stress). For better clarification, these are traits of child trafficking, especially in California since it is one of the most expensive states in the United States (American Psychological Association, 2010). Appelo, T. (2023). What you need to know about the $165 million hit film ‘Sound of Freedom.’ AARP . https://www.aarp.org/entertainment/movies-for-grownups/info-2023/sound-of-

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23 freedom.html#:~:text=Sound%20of%20Freedom%20is%20based,The%20Passion%20of %20the%20Christ ). The Sound of Freedom movie is not a documentary film. This movie is based on a true story, but has viewers and readers take a complete look at child trafficking. While research indicates some incorrections of the film, the message and story of the former federal agent remain the same. Nonetheless, the author mentions why he chose the actor, Jim Caviezel, to play him in this film. Knowing his belief in God, the former agent felt this would remind people that God's children are not for sale (Appelo, 2023). Bender, K., Yang, J., Ferguson, K., & Thompson, S. (2015). Experiences and needs of homeless youth with a history of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review , 55 , 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.06.007 Foster care services are everywhere in this world, but not everyone can stay there forever. Research indicates how foster care helps and educates young (teens) individuals for survival, but there comes a time when the subject no longer can stay in foster care. Nonetheless, this is a conflict since it leads the teen back to the streets. Research demonstrates how this resonates in California. Being poor or homeless makes the minor take certain actions into their own hands, but this statement also connects to child trafficking. For survival, the teen(s) will do anything to survive, even if it means engaging or being sold into child trafficking (Bender et al., 2015). California State PTA. (2022). Child trafficking - california state PTA . https://capta.org/focus- areas/community-concerns/child-trafficking/ This organization addresses vital information from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security regarding child trafficking. One essential intel this agency mentions is the

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24 trafficker's actions definition. Furthermore, this resource declares how they (the traffickers) seek their prey. Some examples are poverty or political instability. While this resource highlights the statistical statement concerning child or domestic trafficking from the National PTA, its primary objective is to spread awareness and mention why many victims are afraid to speak up (California, 2022). Caroline Danielson, Malagon, P., & Bohn. (2023). Poverty in california. Public Policy Institute of California . https://www.ppic.org/publication/poverty-in-california/ The authors discuss California's poverty status. Some of these statements emphasize the positive points. One example can be how the poverty points from 2019 and 2021 experienced a five-point decrease. While the poverty rate is slowly decreasing, California's citizens and families still live in poverty. Using the author's findings and comparing them to child trafficking in California is a helpful resource to discuss and elaborate on the ongoing conflict (Danielson et al., 2023). Child & Family Policy Institute of California. (n.d.). The child welfare response to labor trafficking in California – preventing and addressing child trafficking project . Preventing and Addressing Child Trafficking Project. https://pact.cfpic.org/the-child-welfare- response-to-labor-trafficking-in-california/ The Child & Family Policy Institute of California educates readers on human trafficking cases in California. While using intel from the National Human Trafficking Hotline, 20%-30% of these cases concern children or youth (younger than eighteen years old). Not only does the agency mention its current challenges regarding monitoring the situation (lack of data collection and awareness); however, but children can enter labor or sex

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25 trafficking by being placed in a juvenile justice system (Child & Family Policy Institute of California, n.d.). County of Los Angeles. (n.d.). Know to say no – COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES . COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES. https://lacounty.gov/residents/public-safety/human-trafficking/know-to- say-no/ The County of Los Angeles shares additional signs of child trafficking. Apart from the physical perspective, other signs are emotional and behavioral. For example, this indicates providing false identification (behavioral signs). Another example is containing emotions of fear, lack of trust, or containing mixed feelings about someone. In contrast, this reference represents hope and awareness regarding child or sex trafficking in the County of Los Angeles (County of Los Angeles, n.d.). Crea, J. (2023). Smugglers are using TikTok and other apps to trick young people into taking driving jobs: CBP. NBC 7 San Diego . https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/smugglers-are-using-tiktok-and-other-apps-to- trick-young-people-into-taking-driving-jobs-cbp/3203864/ One of the biggest social media apps is TikTok. While teens and children use this application, so do sex traffickers. Research indicates how recruiters use this app and others to smuggle children and teens into sex trafficking. One of the ways is by promising them a successful and happy life. Nonetheless, the author mentions how this is happening in California (San Diego and Los Angeles). Drug, F. T. N. (2020). California man reportedly made $21 million operating sex trafficking sites that included children. Fight the New Drug . https://fightthenewdrug.org/california-man- reportedly-operated-trafficking-sites-included-underage-victims/

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26 A resident from California, Wilhan Marhano, had made $21 million in less than two years by adult website profits. Some of the content contained minors (children). While the subject was caught and arrested, the agency shares the income of this conflict. In other words, while many children suffer, the recruiters are making money from their sufferings (Drug, F.T.N., 2020). Drug, F. T. N. (2023a). 5 real stories of trafficked performers in the porn industry. Fight the New Drug . https://fightthenewdrug.org/real-stories-of-porn-performers-who-were-trafficked- into-the-industry/ Adult performers or porn stars are on the alert for sex/child trafficking. The reason for this is that many of them were forced into this industry. Some of these former adult actors declare that it is not always fame, make-up, or money. Many times, their scenes include beatings, insults, drugs, and additional toxic artifacts. Some members in the United States don't agree with this concept, but former pornstars know more than others because they have lived this life. This can be seen in California since many minors tend to enter this industry without their consent and knowledge (Drug, F.T.N., 2023a). Drug, F. T. N. (2023b). 15 stats you need to know if you care about ending child sex trafficking. Fight the New Drug . https://fightthenewdrug.org/stats-you-need-to-know-about-child- sex-trafficking/ The agency mentions how many children or teens engage in sex trafficking for daily survival supplies. This can indicate food, money, shelter, and more. Nevertheless, children, around the age of twelve, are being sexually abused. 21% of children are enslaved in sex trafficking. Once again, this is not only in California but in every corner of the globe (Drug, F.T.N., 2023b).

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27 Farrell, A., & Pfeffer, R. (2019). Human trafficking in north America. In J. Bryson Clark & S. Poucki (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery. Sage UK. https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NjI4ODk= The authors spread awareness of human trafficking in North America. Stating that more than ten thousand individuals are annually trafficked into the United States is vital since these numbers resonate or contain subjects that are younger than eighteen years old. Authors how all fifty states have laws and penalties concerning human or child trafficking. Not only do the authors declare that North America is the third largest location regarding child or sex trafficking, but the numbers change. The authors mention these statements to grow awareness because some law enforcement officials struggle to identify victims and spread awareness. Educating the public about the physical and mental damage of child trafficking in North America can encourage others to fight against this global conflict, especially in big cities or states (for example, New York, Chicago, or California) (Farrell & Pfeffer, 2019). Feinstein, D. (2015). Action needed to stop sex trafficking of underage girls - los angeles daily news . United States Senator for California. https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2015/11/action-needed-to-stop-sex- trafficking-of-underage-girls-los-angeles-daily-news Feinstein indicates the required action for child trafficking in the state of California. By providing cases and statistics, the research mentions the financial income of this continuous conflict. Nonetheless, one of the essential statements throughout this

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28 observation is the lack of prosecution. The author declares how the perpetrators are getting away with their actions. This is a horrific highlight since many children in California are being slaved into child trafficking without their consent or will (Feinstein, 2015). Fight the New Drug. (2023). How porn can fuel sex trafficking. Fight the New Drug . https://fightthenewdrug.org/how-porn-can-fuel-sex-trafficking/ Porn is easily attainable, but some forget how pornography resonates with child trafficking. Some victims mention how being filmed was physically brutal for them. Others mention how they got into sex trafficking at a young age due to being a homosexual. Nonetheless, the agency shares these testimonies to remind many how pornography is another connecting tool to sex or child trafficking (Fight the New Drug, 2023). Glover, D. (2016). Sex Trafficking: Federal Criminal Law and Child Trafficking Issues . Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Throughout this reference, the author educates many concerning child trafficking, for instance, the unknown number of victims. Glover mentions how this response is troubling but also shares the definition of child trafficking by relying upon the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 intel. Glover continues to declare information from the Department of Justice and how traffickers identify their victims, for example, by examining their vulnerabilities. These observations continue to spread awareness and aid agencies or law enforcement throughout their combat against child trafficking (Glover, 2016).

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29 Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R., Bath, E., Cook, M., Textor, L., & Barnert, E. (2018). Commercially sexually exploited youths’ health care experiences, barriers, and recommendations: a qualitative analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect , 76 , 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.002 Being a victim of child trafficking is not something that can be fixed overnight. The authors declare how severe the conflict is mentally on a child or teen. In contrast, many teens were afraid to keep aid for several factors. One of the victims mentioned that they were afraid of being arrested due to their unintentional act. Another indication was the thought of rejection. In other words, subjects assumed they would not receive aid from healthcare professionals. This can be seen in California since the state is one of the biggest locations in the United States containing this situation (Maghsoodi et al., 2018). Ineffable Living. (2023). Top 35 child abuse quotes (+FREE worksheets). Ineffable Living . https://ineffableliving.com/child-abuse-quotes/ This resource mentions several quotes regarding child abuse. Comparing this to material with California and child trafficking is a reminder of what goes behind the curtains. This includes threats, rape, and several more. Nevertheless, this is not only happening in California but everywhere around the globe (Ineffable Living, 2023). Karen L. Kinnear. (2007). Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Reference Handbook: Vol. 2nd ed . ABC- CLIO. Kinnear mentions several factors concerning child trafficking. In California, the state has its definition of sex trafficking and its federal treatment programs. However, research mentions how society can determine the signs of child trafficking or sexual abuse. While

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30 this can include urinal and bowel problems, these are the side effects of child trafficking (Kinnear, 2007). Katrin Tiidenberg, & Emily van der Nagel. (2020). Sex and Social Media: Vol. First edition . Emerald Publishing Limited. Social media is a massive resource in today's society, but the authors explain how many use Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, etc., to conduct sexual activities. Furthermore, the authors mention how sexual hashtags; for instance, milf or porn, open the doors to sexual content. Research indicates how this strategy or method may be presumed to be "safe." However, this is not the case. Comparing this to child trafficking, this resonates with the entrance to child trafficking since many traffickers are located in these technological areas (Tiidenberg & Van der Nagel, 2020). Kennedy, M. (2020). Netflix doc paints dark portrait of social media. Associated Press . https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/movies/2020/09/10/social-dilemma-movie- review/113794166/ The Social Dilemma is a Netflix drama-documentary that exposes or gives the audience a glimpse of what goes on social media platforms. This reference is crucial concerning child trafficking and constitutional rights. Regarding child trafficking, the platforms can show the users content that is related to the conflict (if the subject views material relating to the situation). However, this depends on the user. In contrast, many declare that viewing the subject's social media page without their consent is a privacy violation or goes against their constitutional rights. While this is accurate, to a certain degree, many

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31 fail to acknowledge that their accounts get examined without their consent. This goes against an individual's constitutional rights (Kennedy, 2020). Klein, Y. (2023). Child sex trafficking: California’s huge problem, and what it means for teens. Evolve . https://evolvetreatment.com/blog/child-sex-trafficking-ca-teens/ Evidence indicates the legal term of child trafficking. Nonetheless, the agency highlights the characteristics of a youth's vulnerability. In other words, the traits they (the teen) carry can make them fall into child trafficking. Boys and girls can be victims of child trafficking, but research mentions how many teens and younger children engage in social media conversations with recruiters without their knowledge. This is a daily habit leading to child trafficking (Klein, 2023). National Center for Youth Law. (2022). Decriminalization of child sex trafficking victims (2016) . https://youthlaw.org/laws-policy/decriminalization-child-sex-trafficking-victims-2016 Children's voices and cries are being seen, leading multiple agencies to implement strict laws to bring justice to those who are being harmed. California implemented a Senate Bill that indicates the precluding of minors from engaging in sex or child trafficking. While prostitution is illegal in the United States, many teens and children are engaging in this behavior, not because of free choice but because they are being enslaved. While seeking freedom, California is implementing laws to make children's desires become a reality (National Center for Youth Law, 2022). Polaris. (2020). What we know about how child sex trafficking happens. Polaris - Polaris works to reshape the systems that allow for sex and labor trafficking in North America and operates the U.S. National Human Trafficking Hotline.

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32 https://polarisproject.org/blog/2020/08/what-we-know-about-how-child-sex-trafficking- happens/#:~:text=This%20recruitment%20can%20happen%20in,such%20as %20modeling%20or%20acting . This resource teaches the public to think like a child trafficker. Since many trafficker’s prey on those with personal struggles, the organization declares some of the fundamental areas to find traffickers. In contrast, the agency elaborates on the trafficker's mindset. In other words, it declares how traffickers use fake or false-hope illusions to capture their youth victims. This intel is crucial since it leads many to locate a sex or child trafficker throughout their community (Polaris, 2020). Ridley, M. (2014). Preventing child sex trafficking in foster care – supervisor mark Ridley- Thomas, human services page . Supervisor Mark Ridley. http://ridley- thomas.lacounty.gov/humanservices/index.php/sex-trafficking-in-foster-care/ The author discusses the nature of child trafficking in California. However, child welfare systems have secrets of themselves regarding child trafficking. Research mentions how child welfare systems in California contain child victims concerning the situation (child trafficking). The author discusses ways to prevent child trafficking in California and in these child welfare systems, for example, by spreading or increasing awareness (Ridley, 2014). Rosenhall, L. (2023). California lawmakers take aim at social media role in youth fentanyl use and sex trafficking - los angeles times. Los Angeles Times . https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-02-17/california-bill-social-media- fentanyl-sexual-exploitation

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33 One of the biggest technological resources is social media. This is used for several reasons, but one of them happens to be for sex or child trafficking. Lawmakers in California debate about this topic. Seeing how apps, such as Snapchat, are being used to draw children and teens to engage in sexual-illegal, criminal justice officials continue to find additional protocols to restrict child trafficking concerning social media apps (Rosenhall, 2023). Srivastava, A., Rusow, J. A., Holguin, M., Semborski, S., Onasch-Vera, L., Wilson, N., & Rice, E. (2019). Exchange and Survival Sex, Dating Apps, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation Among Homeless Youth in Los Angeles. Journal of Primary Prevention , 40 (5), 561–568. https://doi-org.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10935-019- 00561-4 The authors discuss the comparison between youth and social media apps. Nonetheless, many young individuals (teens) in California use apps to engage in survival sex or sexual websites. While some of these individuals live in poverty or are homeless, research indicates how some young people (teens) perform sexual conduct to survive or obtain their daily survival supplies. This resonates with child trafficking since these apps or websites can lead to engaging in conversations with recruiters (Srivastava et al., 2019). State of California. (2023). California cracks down on sex trafficking of minors . California Governor. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2023/09/25/sb-14/ The agency or federal department provides its financial obtainment regarding the combat against child trafficking. While this financial obtainment resonates with California, it provides the public with an estimate of how it costs to fight against child trafficking. In other words, the money that was collected due to awareness and additional physical

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34 resources can be different or similar to other regions/states. This reference can guide other locations on how it would cost to fight against child trafficking (State of California, 2023). Taylor Ring. (2020). Human trafficking is a growing problem, and california is no exception - taylor & ring . https://www.taylorring.com/blog/human-trafficking-is-a-growing-problem-and- california-is-no-exception/ The organization shares the ways of a child or human traffickers. Research indicates that some recruiters follow their prey in the malls or coffee shops. Nonetheless, since the conflict is an ongoing situation, the authors share the three growing locations concerning child or human trafficking. While California is considered one of the locations, research indicates that children can trust others more than adults. In other words, this behavior may lead to being kidnapped and sold into child trafficking (Ring, 2020). Tiano, S. (2020). Hundreds of trafficked girls, thousands of child welfare referrals. The Imprint . https://imprintnews.org/csec/los-angeles-csec-report-child-welfare/32754 California is a famous state. In contrast, it is one of the biggest locations concerning child trafficking. The author declares that more than three hundred children and youth are "recovered" by law enforcement officials. Research indicates that California is an eye- opener concerning child trafficking since many female youth individuals have a child welfare referral. California contains severe and strict laws regarding child trafficking, according to the author. However, some positive change is being demonstrated since minors cannot be arrested if they are being prostituted. With these positive changes and actions, the author highlights other weak areas that need attention and development (Tiano, 2020).

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35 United States Attorney’s Central District of California. (2018). School police officer indicted by federal grand jury on attempted sex trafficking charges for allegedly using internet to entice minor . https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/school-police-officer-indicted- federal-grand-jury-attempted-sex-trafficking-charges This agency shares one of its cases resonating with the sex trafficking of a minor. Mauricio Estrada, a resident of California, was charged with the attempt of child trafficking. While being trapped by a law enforcement undercover case, Estrada was caught attempting to meet up with a "girl" and have sex with them. Nonetheless, the subject did not know he was being lawfully watched. This investigation indicates that many people use social media or other websites to engage in child trafficking (United States Attorney's Central District of California, 2018). United States Attorney’s Office District of Arizona. (2022). California man sentenced to 120 months for sex trafficking of a minor . https://www.justice.gov/usao-az/pr/california-man- sentenced-120-months-sex-trafficking-minor This agency highlights the seriousness of child trafficking by demonstrating how a young teen ended up in the hospital, thinking she was going to a party. However, the victim witnessed it was a sex/recruiting trafficking event. While the victim was transported, another female was sent to Los Angeles, being a victim of child or sex trafficking. While this resource emphasizes the severity of child trafficking, it resonates with social media and its connection to sex or child trafficking (United States Attorney's Office District of Arizona, 2022). United States Senate. (2023). U.S. senate: Constitution of the united states . https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm

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36 The United States Senate reference explains the Constitution of the United States. While this reference discusses the amendments, it is helpful to understand what laws resonate with legal and illegal circumstances. The United States Senate can be an essential legal reference to determine what behavior acts resonate with child trafficking and which conduct does not (United States Senate, 2023). University of San Diego. (n.d.). AB 1394 (wicks) - children’s advocacy institute - university of san diego . https://www.sandiego.edu/cai/advocacy/legislation/ab1394/ The University of San Diego shines a light on sexual abuse and child trafficking. Some forget to explore the rates or numbers, but some communities in California are striving to spread awareness. In continuation, children are being exposed or are communicating with individuals remotely (online), not understanding that this behavior may lead to sexual exploitation. This is a massive behavior situation in California since the numbers continue to increase (University of San Diego, n.d.). U.S. Department of Justice. (2020). California man pleads guilty to production of child pornography . Office of Public Affairs. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/california-man- pleads-guilty-production-child-pornography A resident in California has pleaded guilty to the charges of child pornography production. Before law enforcement agencies came across this behavior, it was first discovered by the victim's parents. This led law enforcement agencies, such as the Department of Homeland Security to conduct an investigation and arrest the perpetrator. Research proves how some perpetrators are engaging in social media apps or websites to recruit children into child trafficking (U.S. Department of Justice, 2020).

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