worksheet 3

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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1. During the 1870's the Reformatory Period of Corrections began, be able to discuss some of the changes that began in this era. What are some of these changes that continue to 2024? Are ther lasting reforms? In the 1870s, the Reformatory Period of Corrections commenced, ushering in numerous changes, including the advocacy for penology, suggesting that prison operations should be guided by the philosophy of reforming convicted individuals, with release granted as a reward for reformation. Furthermore, sentences of indeterminate length would replace fixed sentences, contingent upon proof of reformation. Finally, penitentiary practices that had developed during the first half of the 19th century, such as fixed sentences, lockstep, rules of silence, and isolation, were now regarded as degrading and humiliating. The concept of the indeterminate sentence, classification, rehabilitative programs, and parole originated at Elmira. The Cincinnati Declaration of Principles established goals that continued to motivate prison reformers well into the twentieth century. However, further changes were on the horizon: in the mid-nineteenth century, the United States experienced a period of profound social transformation. 2. The Medical Model was used in prisons in the 1950's. What are some of the assumptions of the medical model regarding crimimal behavior? Can a rehabilitative model work in Corrections today? Please discuss using examples found in Chapter 3. A correctional model grounded in the belief that criminal behavior stems from social, psychological, or biological deficiencies necessitating treatment. At first, there were few psychiatrists and therapeutic treatment programs in corrections, but their numbers surged following World War II. Group therapy, behavior modification, shock therapy, individual counseling, psychotherapy, guided group interaction, and various other methods all became integral components of the "new penology." 3. Describe the forces and events that led to the crime control model that was begun in the 1970's and continues through 2015. This is often called the era of mass incarceration. During the 1980s and 1990s, there was a noticeable shift towards adopting stricter measures for individuals convicted of violent crimes, drug dealing, and habitual criminal behavior. This was evident in the implementation of intensive probation supervision, pretrial detention for those deemed dangerous to the community, the reinstatement of the death penalty in 37 states, and mandatory sentencing requirements for certain offenses or repeat offenders. By the century's end, the impact of these "get-tough" policies was evident in the record-high numbers of convictions, longer prison sentences,

and the size of the probationary population. Some observers attribute the decrease in crime rates to these policies, while others question their effectiveness in light of demographic and societal changes in the United States. Sources: Ryan D. King, “Cumulative Impact: Why Sentences Have In-creased,” Criminology 57 (no. 1, 2019): 157–180.

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