CRIMJUS-TOP8-DQ2-DDALTON-DONE

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Grand Canyon University *

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430

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Q: Does it appear that defenses are equally assertible for persons falling under different demographic populations? In other words, are defenses to crimes equally effective between men and women, people of different races, religions, and ethnicities? Why or why not? A: The effectiveness of defenses in criminal cases can be influenced by any number of elements, including the defendant's demographic characteristics such as gender, race, religion, and ethnicity. While the law is designed to be applied equally to all individuals, research suggests that there may be disparities in how defenses are asserted and how effective they are for different demographic groups. Research has shown that gender can influence the effectiveness of certain defenses. For example, the "battered woman syndrome" defense has been used successfully by women in cases of self-defense against abusive partners (Terrance & Matheson, 2003). However, this defense is less likely to be successful when used by men. Racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system are well-documented (Alexander, 2010). These disparities can influence the effectiveness of defenses. For example, research has shown that juries are more likely to convict defendants of a different race (Sommers, 2007). Religion can also play a role in the effectiveness of defenses. For example, in cases involving religious freedom, a defendant's religious beliefs may be used as a defense (Volokh, 1999). However, this defense may not be as effective for minority religions. While defenses should theoretically be equally assertible for all individuals, in practice, they may not be equally effective due to the multiple biases and disparities in our criminal justice system. Blessings, Danielle References Winters, G. (2018). The influence of defendant gender and victim physical attractiveness on juror decision making in a sexual assault trial. Sex Roles, 49 (3/4), 179–189. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3907&context=gc_etds Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the age of Colorblindness . The New Press. Retrieved from https://thenewpress.com/books/new-jim-crow Sommers, S. R. (2007). Race and the decision making of juries. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12 (2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532507X189687 Volokh, E. (1999). Freedom of speech and workplace harassment. UCLA Law Review, 39 , 1791. https://www2.law.ucla.edu/Volokh/harass/substanc.htm

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