Module 7 Final Paper

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Final Paper Kenneth Fulkroad Southern New Hampshire University SOC-112: Introduction to Sociology Kezia Davis October 15, 2023

Social Issue The social issue I have chosen to explore is racially motivated microaggressions. Microaggressions are “statements, actions, or incidents regarded as indirect, subtle, or unintentional acts of discrimination” (Sue et al., 2007). Cultural Beliefs and Biases When certain racial and ethnic groups are superior to others based on their perceived characteristics, abilities, or cultural norms this creates a belief known as “racial hierarchy.” This belief can lead to biases and prejudices that manifest in various forms of racial microaggressions. One specific example of this type of bias associated with this belief is the idea of "colorblindness." Some individuals may believe that they are treating everyone equally by not acknowledging or discussing race. However, this colorblind approach can dismiss the experiences and challenges faced by marginalized racial and ethnic groups. It can also contribute to the perpetuation of stereotypes or the denial of systemic racism ( Baskin, Amy. 2023). Another example of a cultural belief and bias related to racial microaggressions is the belief in racial stereotypes. This belief involves attributing certain characteristics, behaviors, or abilities to individuals based on their racial or ethnic background. Racial stereotypes can be deeply ingrained in society and can lead to biased judgments and actions, including the perpetuation of racial microaggressions. For instance, the stereotype of Asian Americans as being highly academic and intelligent can lead to microaggressions such as assuming that all Asian Americans are good at math or science, dismissing their accomplishments as solely due to their race, or placing unrealistic expectations on them. This stereotype not only oversimplifies the complexity

of individual experiences and abilities but also creates pressure and unfair expectations on Asian Americans. Social Roles One social role that individuals affected by racial microaggressions may play is that of an advocate or activist for racial justice and equality. These individuals often take it upon themselves to speak out against racial microaggressions, raise awareness about the impact of systemic racism, and work towards creating change. The relationship between this social role and the issue of racial microaggressions is typically positive. Advocates and activists play a crucial role in bringing attention to the issue, challenging societal norms and biases, and pushing for greater equity and inclusivity. They provide a voice for those who have experienced racial microaggressions and work towards creating a more just and equal society. Research has shown that those who experience discrimination often have a greater chance of having some form of a mood disorder and elevated symptoms of depression (Mouzon, et al., 2017). Through their advocacy efforts, individuals in this role aim to educate others about the harmful effects of racial microaggressions, promote empathy and understanding, and strive for systemic change. Their actions and initiatives can lead to increased awareness, policy changes, and improvements in the treatment of marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Activists who advocate racial justice help us to understand the systemic nature of microaggressions and their effects on marginalized communities ( Baskin, Amy. 2023). Firstly, activists highlight that microaggressions are not isolated incidents but embedded within larger systems of power and privilege (Moore p.1949). They emphasize the structural and institutional dimensions of racial inequality and how microaggressions perpetuate and reinforce these systems. By recognizing microaggressions as manifestations of deeper social inequalities, it

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becomes clear that addressing them requires systemic change and dismantling of oppressive structures. Additionally, activists provide voices and perspectives that challenge societal norms and push for broader awareness and action against microaggressions (Lariat, B. 2018). They advocate for education, policy changes, and structural reforms to address systemic issues that perpetuate discrimination. Recognizing the role of activists helps us understand the collective effort required to address microaggressions as a social issue and highlights the need for allyship and solidarity in the fight against racial injustice (Lariat, B. 2018). Parents involved in the child welfare system play a crucial social role in addressing the social issue of microaggressions and racism within that system. Parents may face racial bias and discrimination within the system, as studies have shown that families from marginalized racial and ethnic backgrounds are disproportionately represented in child welfare cases. A study in 2019 showed that black children represented 23% of the entire population of youth within the foster care system (Washington. p 1526). This strain can further perpetuate racial inequalities. Furthermore, beyond the marginalization and discrimination that occurs and is felt by non-white families within the child welfare system, research psychologists have shown that families subjected to racism within CPS, have significantly higher odds for serious psychological distress (SPD) (Chae et al. p 501). Research has shown that racial bias and systemic racism can influence decision-making processes, leading to unequal treatment and negative outcomes for families of color. This strain in the relationship stems from the unjust and discriminatory practices that parents may encounter within the child welfare system (Harris. p 30).

Social Inequalities One way that racial microaggressions can create social inequalities is with disparity in educational opportunities and outcomes for individuals from marginalized racial or ethnic backgrounds as well as with disparities in racial wealth gaps (Mitchell p. 851). These inequalities can be seen in several ways, such as unequal funding for schools in minority communities, limited access to quality education, and racial biases in disciplinary practices, or through limiting financial growth opportunities for individuals of minority populations. Racial microaggressions contribute to the perpetuation of this inequality by reinforcing stereotypes, biases, and discriminatory practices that hinder economic opportunities for marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Racial microaggressions can manifest in professional settings through discriminatory hiring practices, wage gaps, and limited opportunities for career advancement (Mitchell p. 857). Since, the 1970’s, wage gaps have only widened between white employees and black and Latin employees, making it so that non-white employees earn even less than they already were earning in 70’s compared to their white counterparts. (Bornstein, 2022). Microaggressions can have a significant impact on individuals' economic well-being and inhibit their ability to accumulate wealth and financial stability. Furthermore, racial microaggressions can create barriers to accessing resources and opportunities for economic growth, such as limited access to loans, predatory lending practices, or discriminatory treatment in the housing market. These barriers reinforce the existing wealth gap and make it even more challenging for marginalized racial and ethnic groups to achieve economic parity. Addressing racial microaggressions is crucial for addressing the racial wealth gap. It requires actively combating systemic racism, promoting equal economic opportunities, and implementing policies and

initiatives that aim to reduce wealth disparities among different racial and ethnic groups ( Crowell, 2017). By identifying the issues of both microaggressions and the systemic inequalities that contribute to the wealth gap, we can gain a better understanding of these social issues and we can begin to work towards a more equitable and inclusive society. Existing Social Conditions Racial microaggressions can have a significant negative impact on the mental health of individuals who experience them (Zoubaa et al. 868 ). These microaggressions can create feelings of invalidation, stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. They can contribute to a persistent sense of being unwelcome or not fully accepted in society. The strain of experiencing racial microaggressions can lead to emotional and psychological distress, impacting overall well- being and quality of life. For example, Individuals who experience microaggressions often feel that the damage that is incurred often goes underrecognized and that feeling of minimization of their pain is related to worse mental health outcomes (Benbow, et al., 2022). Racial microaggressions can also negatively impact students of color in academic settings. These subtle, often unintentional acts of discrimination can create a hostile and unwelcoming environment, leading to lower self-esteem, decreased motivation, and academic underperformance among marginalized students (Mills. p 44) For example, when educators unknowingly make comments or ask questions that perpetuate stereotypes or assumptions about a student's race or ethnicity, it can make them feel invalidated and marginalized. This constant invalidation can contribute to a strained relationship between students of color and the educational system, hindering their academic success (Mills. p 46).

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Social Change The social issue of microaggressions can foster notable change in existing societal conditions by raising awareness, encouraging dialogue, and promoting transformative action to address and rectify discriminatory behaviors. By challenging prevailing attitudes and norms, microaggressions can catalyze several transformative processes. Firstly, the recognition and understanding of microaggressions as a social issue can drive educational initiatives and awareness campaigns ( Brustein, 2014). These efforts aim to inform individuals about the harmful impact of micro-aggressive behaviors and provide tools for recognizing and addressing them. For example, universities may implement diversity and inclusion programs that educate students and faculty on the effects of microaggressions, fostering a more inclusive campus environment. Secondly, the social issue of microaggressions often sparks policy changes at various levels, fostering environments where discrimination is actively addressed and combated. Organizations and institutions may implement clear guidelines, codes of conduct, and reporting mechanisms to tackle microaggressions. For instance, workplaces can develop inclusive policies that outline expectations of respectful behavior, ensuring a safe and equitable environment for all employees (Walker et al, 2022). Thirdly, the discourse surrounding microaggressions contributes to a broader cultural shift. As discussions on microaggressions gain prominence, people become more aware of their own biases and subtle forms of discrimination. This awareness can lead to self-reflection and personal growth, creating a ripple effect where individuals actively challenge microaggressions in their daily interactions.

Lastly, the social issue of microaggressions fosters the development of allyship and solidarity among different communities. By recognizing the interconnectedness of various forms of discrimination, individuals and communities unite to fight against all forms of oppression. Through collective efforts, they can advocate for policy changes, support marginalized groups affected by microaggressions, and create a more inclusive and equitable society (Walker et al, 2022). References: Baskin, A. (2023). Covert racism. Salem Press Encyclopedia.

Benbow, K. L., Smith, B. L., Tolbert, K. J., Deska, J. C., & Kunstman, J. W. (2022). Race, social pain minimization, and mental health. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 25 (7), 1861–1879. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1177/13684302211040864 Bornstein, S. (2022). Confronting the Racial Pay Gap. Vanderbilt Law Review , 75 (5). Chae, David H., et al. “Discrimination, Attribution, and Racial Group Identification: Implications for Psychological Distress among Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life (2001–2003).” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 81, no. 4, 2011, pp. 498–506. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939- 0025.2011.01122.x . Crowell, C. (2017, February 15). Time to dismantle America's lingering legacy of economic exclusion; Racial Wealth Gap could close with systemic public policy reform, says new research. New Pittsburgh Courier [Pittsburgh, PA], B3+. https://link-gale- com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A483829411/STND? u=nhc_main&sid=ebsco&xid=efd3fb0c Harris, Marian Sabrina. Racial Disproportionality in Child Welfare. Columbia University Press, 2014. Lariat, B. (2018, March 27). Learn to recognize effects of systematic racism. UWIRE Text, 1. https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A533184403/ITOF? u=nhc_main&sid=ebsco&xid=f28cc588 https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/ doc/A533184403/ITOF?u=nhc_main&sid=ebsco&xid=f28cc588 Mills, Kristen J. “‘It’s Systemic’: Environmental Racial Microaggressions Experienced by Black Undergraduates at a Predominantly White Institution.” Journal of Diversity in Higher

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Education , vol. 13, no. 1, Mar. 2020, pp. 44–55. DOI.org (Crossref) , https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000121 . Mitchell, T. W. (2013). Growing inequality and racial economic gaps. Howard Law Journal, 56(3), 849-890. Moore, Wendy Leo. “The Mechanisms of White Space(s).” American Behavioral Scientist , vol. 64, no. 14, Dec. 2020, pp. 1946–60. DOI.org (Crossref) , https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220975080. Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, R. J., Keith, V. M., Nicklett, E. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2017). Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 32 , 175–182. 10.1002/gps.4454 Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist , 62 (4), 271–286. Umoja spreads awareness about microaggressions. (2014, October 10). UWIRE Text , 1. https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A385281960/STND? u=nhc_main&sid=ebsco&xid=5fa9fd67 Walker VP, Hodges LM, Perkins M, Sim M, Harris C. Taking the VITALS to Interrupt Microaggressions. MedEdPORTAL. 2022;18:11202. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374- 8265.11202 Washington, Lisa. “Pathology Logics.” Northwestern University Law Review, vol. 117, no. 6, 2023, pp. 1523–88, https://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=lpb&AN=163199950&site=eds-live&scope=site .

Zoubaa, Sarah, et al. “On the Relationship between Experienced Microaggressions and Mental Health Stigma among Members of Marginalized Groups.” Counselling Psychology Quarterly , vol. 35, no. 4, Oct. 2022, pp. 867–79. DOI.org (Crossref) , https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2021.1968795.

Module 7 Final Paper

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