CRJ 502 - MD 4

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Each theory has a different responsibility. As quoted by Cullen et al., “Certain learning theories are at the micro or individual level: they attempt to explain how individuals learn to engage in crime. Others are at the macro or group level: they attempt to explain why certain groups have higher rates of certain types of crime” (Cullen et al., 2022). This is how learning theories explain how white supremacy or white-collar offending is done by some versus others. Theories tend to describe criminogenic needs and criminal behavior, providing various techniques for crimes being committed. Cullen talks about the different motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes (Cullen et al., 2022) that makeup offenses and the people offending in them. When individuals are exposed to inappropriate behaviors, the chances of recidivism for the same crime are greater than those not exposed. For example, fraud can be a common type of crime; if an individual is filing fraudulent claims to supplement excess income, they may expose their offspring to these scenarios and produce a higher rate of falling into similar behavior from learned experiences. Under the micro-level theory, another example of offending in white supremacy is by following sources whom individuals like and respect. In a way, it is a form of fitting in and engaging in criminal behavior together. These above examples are closely associated with differential theory, as it explains delinquency among different kinds of offenders at all levels. Sutherland explains how white-collar crime is common among businesses conducted by men (Cullen et al., 2022), and it fits with differential theory per se because crime is learned. White-collar crime is learned when individuals differentially associate with those who engage in it (Cullen et al., 2022). It is all-encompassing of what one individual is and how it can be copied by anyone observing such action, and that is what the theory aims to explain in part. Additionally, people will surround themselves with others in situations they seek based on personal reasons such as motives (passive income) or values they see being valued and reciprocated. If an action benefits someone, it will make it easier for the individual to engage in learned behaviors, such as offending in white supremacy or white-collar crime. Theories describe various aspects of crime, why crimes occur, what motivates offenders, and the list continues. However, it is a broad scope with different perspectives and causes to all the above. Theories explain how observations contribute to the outcomes of hypotheses made within criminal justice and various topics within. White-collar crime or white supremacy

offenses can be described in other theories outside of differential. However, it uses the techniques enforced by differential theory to describe how delinquency is learned and portrayed in these situations just as much as in any other type of crime. Citation Cullen, F., Agnew, F., & Wilcox, P. (2022). The Chicago school: The city, social disorganization, and crime. In Cullen, F., Agnew, F., & Wilcox, P. (Eds.). Criminological Theory: Past to Present Essential Readings (7th ed., pp. 33-44) . Oxford University Press.

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