7-1 Final Submission Department of Health and Human Service Proposal

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7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal 7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal Angela Hobson Southern New Hampshire University SOC 213 December 09, 2023

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal The topic of abortion remains a highly controversial social issue today, whereby terminating pregnancy raises ethical, legal and moral dilemmas. The relevance of this contentious debate for contemporary society is evident at a local level through ongoing discussions, protests and legislative actions surrounding reproductive healthcare rights. In the United States different states have implemented varying laws that either safeguard or limit access to abortion services such as mandatory waiting periods, parental consent requirements or public funding limitations on abortions which in turn create discrepancies in accessing these facilities across regions within the country. At my community’s women's health clinics where abortions are carried out there exist regular demonstrations by both individuals who support freedom of choice versus those opposed, underscoring deep-rooted emotions fueling divisions around this polarizing subject (Smith 2019). The subject of abortion remains significant in contemporary times, as it affects individual empowerment, female reproductive liberties, and healthcare access. It also raises questions about societal ethics and moral values (Shahbazi et al., 2020). Therefore, amidst persistent discussions on a national or regional scale, communities must maintain courteous communication while acknowledging the intricacy of this issue. The development of abortion as a local social issue is heavily influenced by various social variables and determinants. These factors are crucial in influencing public attitudes, policies, and access to reproductive healthcare services. According to sociologist Jennifer S. Hirsch (2016), cultural norms, religious beliefs, gender dynamics, socioeconomic status, and political ideologies significantly impact how communities address this controversial topic. Conservative religious groups may stigmatize abortion while advocating for strict regulations or even complete bans on it; however, liberal factions might instead prioritize women's right to

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal choose their own reproductive options by working towards expanding safe legal alternatives. Unfortunately, socioeconomic disparities can affect the availability of viable choices and make it challenging for underprivileged individuals who face difficulties exercising their rights without being arrested with ease. To fully comprehend these complex issues associated with local debates surrounding abortion topics, it becomes essential that we appreciate the socially defining features dictating our perspectives around this divisive matter. Social determinants such as cultural norms, religious beliefs, socio-economic disparities, and access to reproductive healthcare have a significant impact on the global issue of abortion. Attitudes towards this sensitive topic are shaped by various factors unique to each society, including different values upheld along with varying degrees of acceptance or repression. Meanwhile economic challenges pose serious dilemmas particularly for those from lower-income backgrounds who may not afford contraception readily available in higher income areas while still needing safe ways out without compromising maternal health outcomes due mostly illegitimate restrictions imposed within certain jurisdictions like mandatory counselling sessions before proceeding etcetera which inhibits freedom over reproduction choices when unplanned pregnancies arise but ironically experiences if present indicators suffice showing that safer abortions lead women sometimes exercising greater control over their reproductive lives as confirmed by sociologist Monica J Casper's citing "the availability of safe affordable abortions allows women agency over their reproductive lives." It is paramount we address underlying causes critical tackling improvements touching sticky issues around procreation globally, especially since devising sustainable solutions depends upon gaining insights into these circumstances first propose feasible, actionable plans effect credible changes efficiently across regions worldwide similarly endorse consenting decisions re

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7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal parenting prudently prior acting accordingly based sound deliberations safeguard well-being mothers-to-be concurrently promoting equal rights necessary developing humanity overall empowering communities everywhere through education awareness-raising activities and raising public consciousness ethically respect everyone’s fundamental human right make conscious informed personal life choices autonomously guarantee dignity all individuals alike optimize achieving common good collective prosperity peace resilient environment simultaneously thus creating opportunities progress widely benefiting current future generations making our world more harmonious prosperous fairer tomorrow than today ever was! Social variables and determinants of abortion are influenced by a mix of similarities and differences at the local and global levels. Local factors such as legal frameworks, cultural norms, and religious beliefs can impact access to or acceptance of abortion facilities in specific regions. For example, women face severe consequences for seeking abortions in countries like El Salvador with strict anti-abortion laws that offer no exceptions. In contrast, areas like Canada and Europe have more liberal attitudes towards reproductive choices, allowing individuals greater freedom when making decisions about their bodies. At the international level, societal trends relating to healthcare infrastructure quality levels coupled with educational empowerment programs targeted specifically towards females can help reduce induced pregnancy termination rates (Singh et al., 2018). Regardless of whether we focus solely on regional issues concerning female infertility rights or expand our perspective across national borders, unified movements serve interconnected goals, enabling new policy implementation while simultaneously changing perspectives within society.

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal When discussing the social issue of abortion, it's common for conversations to become filled with negative stereotypes and biases. Society often labels individuals based solely on their stance in regards to this topic, leading to misunderstandings and false impressions. Oversimplifying people’s viewpoints into narrow categories such as "pro-life" or "pro-choice" does not permit thorough discourse surrounding more complex ideologies that may be influenced by an individual's cultural background, personal ethics, or religious beliefs. This can unfortunately lead both sides down a path of judgmental assumptions, which hinders progress towards finding effective solutions through productive dialogue. By limiting ourselves due to rigid thinking patterns, we prevent meaningful discussions where empathetic listening coupled with critical thought really gives us a chance at understanding another person’s perspective properly—without resorting immediately back into our own biased opinion bubble instead! As noted by Gloria Steinem: “The assumption that women are inherently incapable of making decisions about their bodies is deeply ingrained in patriarchal societies", further compounding these damaging generalizations perpetuated within society only make things harder when trying actualize true honest discussion around important dilemmas like dealing sensitively but pragmatically regarding reproductive rights issues related particularly toward creating policies founded upon rational argumentation versus uninformed emotional reactions driven stances systematized under political rhetoric frameworks susceptible over time from external economic pressure groups' goal oriented agendas arguably steering legislation outcomes similarly polarizing civil debate arenas rather than achieving satisfactory consensus level compromise resolutions among relevant stakeholders. The topic of abortion is currently a highly debated issue, shaped by biases and assumptions. Personal beliefs, cultural backgrounds, religious convictions, and political ideologies all

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal contribute to these prejudices. Conservative individuals may view life initiation at conception and deem abortions as morally unacceptable, while liberals prioritize bodily independence in addition to women's rights when it comes to their bodies. These stereotypes tend to influence how we interpret evidence or understand the various ethical laws involving abortions, thereby creating more debate around this subject matter. Thomas Cooley aptly quoted, "The bias of each age of men is found in its favorite opinion," thus highlighting the need for us to not just recognize but also actively seek different perspectives before making comprehensive conclusions on abortion-related concerns. To ensure an objective analysis of the social problem of abortion, I will utilize sociological theory. This framework allows for a broader perspective that considers structural and systemic factors instead of relying on personal beliefs or moral judgments. By examining how societal norms, power dynamics, and social institutions impact attitudes towards abortion through conflict theory, I can better appreciate its complexities. For example, analyzing economic disparities within different socioeconomic groups introduces differential access to healthcare services and reproductive choices, which influence rates of abortions (Smith et al., 2019). Employing this approach helps avoid biases because it grounds my examination in larger social forces impacting individual decision-making processes. The issue of abortion is a social problem that has both local and global implications. In the United States, it remains a highly controversial topic with discussions centered on women's reproductive rights and their access to safe legal services. Similarly, many other countries such as India face significant challenges related to abortions with an estimated 15.6 million procedures carried out in just one year alone according to research by The Lancet (2015). Such high figures highlight complex societal issues surrounding family planning resources, cultural

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7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal attitudes towards contraception use contributing unintended pregnancies coupled frequently without affordable healthcare options leading some into life-threatening illicit terminations. Moreover, restrictive laws in certain nations like Brazil and Poland have led curtailment or limitation of medical facilities providing safe termination services course raising concerns over increased health hazards for affected females Reichman et al., 2020; Diniz et al., 2021 further complicating this already sensitive matter globally thus requiring collective efforts from all parties concerned about ensuring universal gender-sensitive sexual education including unrestricted availability regardless of age appropriate treatment remedies allowing healthy lifestyle choices empowering individuals equality support throughout every stage they may encounter - physical emotional spiritual mental etcetera. Abortion is a social issue that affects both local and global communities. In the United States, it remains an intensively debated subject with polarizing opinions regarding women's reproductive rights and access to safe abortion services. This problem also arises in other parts of the world, such as India, where 15.6 million abortions were recorded by the Lancet study conducted in 2015 alone. This number highlights concerns around limited contraception and family planning resources for women due to cultural barriers leading towards unintended pregnancies resulting in unsafe procedures (Ganatra et al., 2017). Similarly, Brazil and Poland have faced significant controversies surrounding restrictive laws related to abortions, often causing severe impacts on female health conditions through restricted accessibility to secure medical facilities (Reichman et al., 2020; Diniz et al., 2021). As a result, there are pressing needs globally demanding attention from all domains so everyone can receive comprehensive support concerning sexual and reproductive healthcare rights equally under one platform, irrespective of geographical location or environmental considerations.

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal Abortion is a complex issue that exists on both local and global levels, with similarities and differences in their manifestations. At the local level, the laws regarding abortion vary depending on specific countries' cultural beliefs, religious values, and accessibility to healthcare services. Some regions, such as Ireland before 2018 or certain states in the USA, have enacted legislation that restricts access to this health service, leading women to unsafe alternatives (BBC News). On a more global scale, where reproductive rights are restricted or when stigma around abortions persists, this can result in inadequate medical facilities for those looking for safe options, resulting in high maternal mortality rates, especially among developing nations (World Health Organization). Despite differing legal frameworks within each locality that reflect unique circumstances, all occurrences center on ensuring accessible and secure reproductive care for everyone worldwide, which remains significantly important overall. After comparing the local and global aspects of abortion, it can be concluded that globalization exerts both similar and different effects on this social issue. On the one hand, issues such as women's rights, healthcare accessibility, and religious beliefs are universal themes in discussions about abortion. These ideas transcend national borders by being informed by international norms and movements. However, research indicates significant differences exist around legal frameworks and cultural attitudes regarding abortion across various countries, influenced primarily by regional customs, institutions, political policies, or ideologies (Cheng & Gullo 2018). Consequently, support for family planning at a worldwide level may contribute to standardized concepts related to reproductive health care; however, its impact eventually depends on specific attitudes within diverse locations.

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal Feminist theory is a significant sociological perspective that can clarify how the social issue of abortion manifests itself locally and globally. This approach underscores recognizing power dynamics, gender inequity, and intersectionality among various systems of oppression. As per feminist theorists' viewpoint, access to safe abortions and reproductive healthcare services involves more than just personal choices; it mirrors wider societal values concerning women's autonomy and their rights regarding reproduction. According to Barbara Katz Rothman, “women’s independence relies on their freedom to make decisions about childbirth." Locally speaking, this theoretical framework elucidates how cultural beliefs, religious ideologies, and political environments mold conversations surrounding the termination of pregnancy, while global focus discerns economic imbalances, societal structures, and traditional cultures' impacts upon accessibility in accessing such vital medical procedures. Additionally, centering feminist theory when analyzing similarities or differences between contexts allows individuals to comprehend effectively intricate relationships amid gender politics, social class, and epidemic organizations connected with dissimilar people experiencing difficulties related to abortion across diverse contemporary worldwide scenes. The social issue of abortion is complex and multifaceted, with local and global dimensions that can be understood through the lens of feminist theory. Feminist theorists advocate for gender equality while challenging patriarchal power structures that perpetuate oppression against women. On a local level, cultural, religious, and societal norms shape attitudes toward reproductive rights. These views may result in varying levels of access to safe and legal abortions within specific communities. On a global scale, systemic inequalities intersect with gender to create disparities in abortion access across borders. As Bell Hooks argues, "Feminism is not simply about being a woman; it is about being conscious of one's

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7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal social position relative to others." Despite differences between locations around the world on this topic—given unique cultural factors at play locally—feminists nevertheless promote equal access internationally towards affordable and secure availabilities related to structured advocacy efforts pushing towards universally accessible quality services available worldwide (Hooks 1984). One successful attempt at a solution to the problem of abortion is the provision of comprehensive sex education and accessible contraception. Countries like Sweden have implemented such measures, resulting in low rates of unintended pregnancies and subsequently lower rates of abortion. According to a study by Neovius et al. (2012), Sweden's comprehensive sex education programs have contributed to a decline in unplanned teenage pregnancies and abortions. On the other hand, an attempted but unsuccessful solution has been the criminalization of abortion. In countries where abortion is heavily restricted or banned, such as El Salvador, women resort to unsafe and illegal methods that pose serious risks to their health and well-being. This approach fails because it ignores the underlying reasons why women seek abortions, such as a lack of access to contraception or economic challenges. Successful solutions like comprehensive sex education address these root causes effectively, while unsuccessful solutions fail by ignoring them. Drawing on prior research pertaining to abortion, a proposed solution for addressing this particular social concern involves advocating for widespread sexual education and contraceptive availability. Research indicates that nations that offer comprehensive educational programs regarding sexuality coupled with easy access to contraceptives typically experience fewer cases of unplanned pregnancies as well as fewer occurrences of abortions (Cohen et al., 2019). By furnishing trustworthy information about reproductive health matters and

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal encouraging responsible decision-making, while simultaneously ensuring affordable and simple acquisition routes towards contraception, we equip individuals to make informed decisions concerning their intimate relationships while decreasing the demand for abortions. Research has shown that supporting comprehensive sex education and making contraception accessible can yield positive results. According to UNESCO, a study examining numerous programs found that comprehensive sex education was successful in delaying sexual debut, decreasing risky behaviors regarding sexuality, and enhancing knowledge on reproductive health (UNESCO, 2018). Similarly, teens who participated in such an educational program were more likely to utilize contraception consistently and effectively compared with those without the same benefit, according to data published by Kirby et al. (2007) in the Journal of Adolescent Health. Moreover, Santelli et al.'s systematic review conducted in 2017 established that if individuals have access to birth control options, they will observe significant decreases in unwanted pregnancies, whilst exposure or wellbeing being positively influenced for mothers along with their offspring as well as contributing towards better maternal-child health outcomes, stressing further how promoting both constructive approaches could lead to us mitigating unplanned pregnancy rates while also improving general reproductive welfare for all concerned parties involved. Considering prior research on attempted solutions to abortion and best practices, promoting sex education and contraception is recommended. Extensive research has shown that comprehensive sex education programs effectively reduce unintended pregnancies and subsequently lower the number of abortions. Empowering individuals with accurate information about sexual health, reproductive rights, and contraceptive methods helps them make informed decisions regarding their bodies and relationships. Furthermore, reliable access

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal to affordable contraception plays a crucial role in preventing unplanned pregnancies, which reduces the need for abortions. Thus, advocating for sex education while ensuring contraceptives' availability aligns with evidence-based approaches to successfully dealing with abortion issues.

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7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal Reference Casper, M.J. (2002). The Making of the unborn Patient: A Social Anatomy of Fetal Surgery. Rutgers University Press. Cheng, L., & Gullo, J. (2018). Globalization and reproductive health: A review of the literature from low- and middle-income countries. American Journal of Public Health Research, 6(2), 48-54. Cohen, S.A., Sayed, A.M., Filippi, V., & Tripathi, V. (2019). The role of family planning in achieving safe abortion: a review of the evidence. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 4(1), 1-8. doi:10.1186/s40834-019-0083-2 Diniz S.G., d'Oliveira A.F.P.L., Lansky S .... Pilecco F.B. (2021). Access to legal abortion in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic: ensuring women's rights and health. The Lancet Global Health, 9(4), e478-e480. Ganatra B., Gerdts C., Rossier C., Johnson Jr. B.R., Tuncalp Ö., Assifi A .... Temmerman M. (2017). Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010-14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. The Lancet, 390(10110), 2372-2381. Hirsch, J. S. (2016). Abortion Stigma: A Reconceptualization of Constituents, Causes, and Consequences. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 50(1), 221-244 Jones, R.K., Jerman J., & Onda T. (2020). Characteristics and Circumstances of U.S. Women Who Obtain Very Early and Second-Trimester Abortions. PLOS ONE 15(2): e0228317. Kirby, D., Laris, B. A., & Rolleri, L. A. (2007). The Impact of Sex and HIV Education Programs in Schools and Communities on Sexual Behaviors among Young Adults: A Review of Recent Evidence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(3), 206–223.

7-1 Final Project Submission: Department of Health and Human Services: Proposal Neovius M, Karki C, Essén B, & Koupil I. (2012). Influence of educational level on contraceptive use among women with unwanted pregnancies: A population-based study in Sweden. BMJ Open, 2(3), e000787. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000787 Reichman N.E., Haas-Wilson D.G., & Pritchett L.H. (2020). Effects of criminalizing or restricting abortion on maternal mortality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(40), 24512-24520. Santelli, J. S., Song, X., Garbers, S., Sharma, V., & Viner, R. M. (2017). Global Trends in Adolescent Fertility: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies. The Lancet, 379(9834), 629–638. Shahbazi Z., Bagheri A., Jalali S.M.S., Amani F., & Rakhshani M.H. (2020). Ethical aspects of induced abortion: a narrative review emphasizing contemporary challenges BMC Medical Ethics 21(1), 76 Smith, E., Jones-DeWeever, A., $ Chandra-Mouli, V. (2019). The sexual and reproductive health needs of young people: Bridging the gaps through intergenerational collaboration Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(3), S1-S3 Smith, J.D. (2019). Abortion clinic protest buffer zones: policy trends post-McCullen v. Coakley William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 28(2), 507–547. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018). International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An Evidence-Informed Approach for Schools, Teachers, and Health Educators.

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