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Week 10: Portfolio Submission Harjeev Saini Week 2: Writing sample Q. What is the ‘sociological imagination’? What does Mills mean by ‘personal troubles’ and ‘public issues of social structure’? What is ‘social structure’ and what concepts do social scientists use to represent different elements of it? A. The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals. It enables him/ her to consider how individuals, in the welter of their daily experience, often become falsely conscious of their social positions. When Mills says ‘Personal troubles’ in the text, he means trouble that is a private matter: values cherished by an individual are felt by him to be threatened. ‘Public issues of social structure’ issues that have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life and are more public. In sociology, social structure is the unique, permanent arrangement of institutions through which people in a community interact and live together. The concept of social structure is frequently used in association with the concept of social change, which is concerned with the factors that alter society's social structure and organisation. Some concepts social scientists use to represent it are culture, social class, social status, roles, groups, and institutions. Week 3: Lecture notes Emergence of Capitalism Market  A place of exchange: public market, antique market  Geographic zone that designates a business opportunity: e.g., Chinese market  Optimal mechanism of resources allocation: market forces  Independent network of all markets: market economy  State of demand and supply: “there is no market for this good” Definition of market  Are institutions that enable exchange of goods and services to take place between buyers and sellers  Play a central role in allocation resources and distributing income on most modern economies  Institution: social form or structure that is a part of a system of organization in a society and has been used or accepted for a long time o Economic institutions

 Production (servitude, farming, entrepreneur business, corporations, manufacture, factories  Trade and exchange (trade organizations, markets, stock markets and financial markets  Distribution (rent, interest, wages)  Principles of circulation of goods (allocation of resources and distribution of income) o Reciprocity (hunters-gathers society) o Redistribution (traditional societies) o Exchange (modern and postmodern societies) Commodification process  Process by which a human, an activity, a social relation, a good, or service is transformed into a commodity offering, as a product or general sale on market Historical materialist thesis Origin of capitalism:  England, 16 th, and 17 th centuries  Enclosures (see readings notes for this class)  Modern conception of private property Capitalism  Is a system in which goods and services, down to the most basic necessities of life, are produced for a profitable exchange  even human labor-power is commodity for sale in the market  all economic actors are dependent on the market Commercialization thesis  natural and progressive process o humans have a natural desire for goods and money o increase of exchange from 15 to 18 th centuries in Florence, Milan, and Venice o capitalism origins in trades o merchants became capitalist and developed local industries capitalism is “the production and exchange of goods for markets by individuals and business in order to make profit” Protestant ethic thesis Key author: Max Weber

 Calvinism is the major explanation of capitalism  4 dimensions of Calvinism 1. Virtuous life 2. Protestant work ethic 3. All work is holy 4. The disenchantment of the world Week 4: Descriptive passage summary Week 4: Descriptive passage summary— completed in tutorial, students will practice paraphrasing based on a passage chosen by your TA (see this Purdue Online Writing Lab on paraphrasing and summarizing and Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing, p. 253.) Original: "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self- love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages." (Adam Smith, 1776, The Wealth of Nations : Book 1, p. 31. ElecBook Classics). Paraphrased: In, Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith , he comes up with the assumption that humans are self- serving by nature and illustrates that our dinner does not from the butcher's, brewer's, or baker's kindness, but from their concern for their own interests, in other words to make money. He goes on to say we devote ourselves to their self-love rather than their humanity, and we never speak to them about our own needs but about theirs." (Book 1, p. 31 ElecBook Classics). Week 5: Reading analysis assignment In terms of corporate power, there are two ways the ability is defined, and that is the internal and the external power. Internal corporate power is defined as one “…who owns, runs and controls corporations is a key question that we need to consider” (Birch, pg. 93). Whereas external corporate power is looked upon as, “…forms, agents, and sites of corporate power – individually and as an institution” (Birch, pg. 93). In modern corporations, governance is a little more complex, and unlike private businesses, there is no single owner. Generally, internal control rests with the board of directors who, “…votes on key decisions, establishes executive’s remuneration deals (e.g. pay and bonuses), and provides oversight of executive decisions, including through the formal auditing processes” (Birch, pg. 94). Of course, power is also given to the key executive officers like the CEO for several reasons. Corporate power is not just internal, but also external. It is argued that “corporate power takes three forms: operational, strategic and allocative. Operational power relates to the decision-making of executives who determine the tasks, routines etc. of workers; strategic power relates to the capacity to determine the direction of a corporation, whether through shareholder or management control; and allocative power is about who controls the money corporations depend on for investment” (Birch, pg.

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96). All of these forms of power involve some form of internal and external control but are considered the structural and ideological powers of business. Week 7: Bibliography assignment (APA format) Mills, W. C. (1959). The Sociological Imagination . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from Social Theory database. Birch, K. (2017). Business and society: a critical introduction. Zed Books. Galbraith, J. K., & Galbraith, J. K. (1985). The Management of Specific Demand. In The New Industrial State (REV-Revised, pp. 245–262). Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4hjz.24 Galbraith, J. K., & Galbraith, J. K. (1985). The Management of Specific Demand. In The New Industrial State (REV-Revised, pp. 245–262). Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4hjz.24 Kramarae, C., & Spender, D. (2000). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi- org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.4324/9780203800942 Week 8 Essay outline Introduction  Thesis: all market structures are differentiated, in terms of market mechanisms and sales effort, and the strategies they use to stimulate demand. Additionally, planned obsolescence comes with social consequences.  Introduce supporting points o the dissimilarity between the competitive and the monopolistic sector, in terms of market mechanisms and sales effort, o the strategies monopoly capital use to stimulate effective demand o explanation of planned obsolescence and its social consequences. Body Body paragraph 1  Topic sentence: essentially being the same, the competitive and the monopolistic market structures have differences when it comes to market mechanisms and sales effort

o PPA method Body paragraph 2  Topic sentence: different strategies are used by monopoly capitals to stimulate demand o PPA method Body paragraph 3  Topic sentence: planned obsolescence comes with social consequences. o PPA method Conclusion  Restate thesis  Reintroduce the points Week 9: Defining concepts for a test Defining concepts for a test Capitalism An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Neoliberalism A political approach that favors free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. Globalization The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. Global governance Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of the planet. The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public goods, particularly peace and security, justice, and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry.

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