PICT2020_ Task 2-5

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Feb 20, 2024

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Annotated bibliography: Name: Carelina Minyanish Student Number 47392819 Topic question/issue: police use of force 1. Ba, B., & Grogger, J. (2019). The Introduction of Tasers and Police Use of Firearms: Evidence from the Chicago Police Department. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333067738_The_Introduction_of_Tasers_and_Poli ce_Use_of_Firearms_Evidence_from_the_Chicago_Police_Department This study explores the effects of using Tasers as a non-lethal firearm substitute. The authors use empirical analysis to investigate if implementing Tasers is associated with a decline in the usage of weapons by concentrating on the data from the Chicago Police Department. The study addresses concerns about the overuse of force by law enforcement and investigates how less-lethal choices might affect policing methods. The study's findings are useful in talks on police reform, the creation of laws to reduce the likelihood of fatalities in encounters with people, and use-of-force legislation while highlighting the need for laws. 1. Ferdik, F. V., Kaminski, R. J., Cooney, M. D., & Sevigny, E. L. (2014). The influence of agency policies on conducted energy device use and police use of lethal force. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098611114548098 In this study, the impacts of agency regulations are contrasted with the usage of conducted energy devices (CEDs), particularly tasers and the use of fatal force by police officers. The authors examine data from multiple police departments to see how departmental policies on CED deployment relate to overall use of force, particularly lethal force. The study underlines the importance of CEDs in reducing the necessity for lethal force as well as the capability of policy frameworks to affect the actions of law enforcement. The research adds to discussions about police reform by providing meaningful data on the intricate relationships between agency regulations and use of force dynamics. 2. Taylor, B., & Woods, D. J. (2010). Injuries to Officers and Suspects in Police Use-of-Force Cases: A Quasi-experimental Evaluation. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098611110373994 Taylor and Woods evaluate police force complexity in-depth, examining its advantages for law enforcement and public safety during the capture of dangerous offenders. They acknowledge the benefits of using force as well as the drawbacks, such as using excessive force and causing unjustified damage. They study actual instances of the use of force using a quasi-experimental methodology in order to contextualise the assertion that force improves safety. It concentrates on the physical effects of tasering, exposing dangers and guiding policy conversations on proper tool usage, giving officer and public safety priority.

3. Worley, V. B., & Worley, R. (2017). Smart Weapons Need Smart Policies: Municipal Liability for Inappropriate Use of Tasers and Stun Guns by Police Officers. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312940582_Smart_Weapons_Need_Smart_Policie s_Municipal_Liability_for_the_Inappropriate_Use_of_Tasers_and_Stun_Guns_by_Police_Offic ers Focusing on Tasers, the authors examine how police employ force. In particular, while apprehending dangerous offenders, they evaluate the force's advantages for law enforcement and public safety. They mention that the use of Tasers may lessen injury and mortality while acknowledging potential advantages. However, they deal with worries over too or improper deployment. The study looks at who is legally responsible when Tasers are used improperly, highlighting the need of having transparent rules. Discussions regarding police accountability, education, and the responsible application of less- lethal force are all heavily influenced by it. They emphasise the importance of balancing effective policing and individual rights through comprehensive regulations. Word Count: 400

Artificial intelligence Interrogation RESPONSES: (14 questions) Annexur e 1: (Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 22 August 2023. How does 4. Worley, V., & Worley, R. (2017). Smart Weapons Need Smart Policies: Municipal Liability for Inappropriate Use of Tasers and Stun Guns by Police Officers. Criminal Law Bulletin, 53(1), 34–60. highlight the benefits of using police force both police and public safety in arresting violent offenders? ) Pages 4-5 Annexure 2: (Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 22 August 2023. What is the role of police use of force in ensuring both police and public safety during the arrest of violent offenders?.) Pages 6-7 Annexure 3: (Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 22 August 2023. How does the introduction of tasers influence the use of firearms by the police ) PAGES 8-9 Annexure 4: (Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 22 August 2023. How do agency policies impact the frequency and appropriateness of taser use and lethal force by the police ?.) PAGES 10-11 Annexure 5: ( Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. What insights do Taylor and Woods (2010) provide about injuries sustained by officers and suspects in police use-of-force incidents surrounding tasers?. ) PAGES 12-13 Annexure 6: (Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. What are the primary factors that influence the decision of police officers to use their firearms, as revealed by the Chicago Police Department data studied by Vaithianathan et al. (2019)?. ) PAGES 14-15 Annexure 7: (Chat GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. How have conducted energy devices, such as tasers, altered the landscape of police use of force compared to traditional methods like batons and OC spray?. ) PAGES 16-17 Annexure 8: (Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. What implications do the findings from studies like Ferdik et al. (2014) have on formulating effective policies for police use of force?.) PAGES 18-19 Annexure 9: (Chat GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. In what situations might the use of a taser be deemed appropriate in terms of police tactics and minimizing harm?. ) PAGES 20-21 Annexure 10: ( Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. How do legislative changes and policy reforms impact the training and guidelines surrounding police use of force? ) PAGES 22-24 Annexure 11: (Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. How does the study conducted by Worley and Worley (2017) shed light on the need for intelligent policies concerning the use of tasers and stun guns by police officers?) PAGES 25-26 Annexure 12: (Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. What potential legal liabilities can municipalities face when police officers inappropriately use tasers and stun guns, as discussed by Worley and Worley (2017)?. ) PAGES 27-28 Annexure 13: (Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. How has public perception of police use of force evolved over the years, and how does it impact law enforcement practices?. ) PAGES 29-30 Annexure 14: (Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. How do cultural differences and diversity training affect the way police officers use force when interacting with individuals from various backgrounds?) PAGES 31-32

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Annexure 1) Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 23rd August 2023. How does: 4. Worley, V., & Worley, R. (2017). Smart Weapons Need Smart Policies: Municipal Liability for Inappropriate Use of Tasers and Stun Guns by Police Officers. Criminal Law Bulletin, 53(1), 34–60. highlight the benefits of using police force both police and public safety in arresting violent offenders? Chat-GPT response I don't have direct access to the content of the specific article you mentioned, but I can provide you with a general overview of how academic articles in the field of criminal justice might discuss the benefits of using police force for both police and public safety when arresting violent offenders. Keep in mind that this information is based on general knowledge and not specific to the content of the mentioned article. Deterrence and Prevention: The use of police force can deter potential offenders from engaging in violent activities, as they are aware of the potential consequences. This can contribute to the prevention of violent crimes and the maintenance of public safety. Swift Resolution: In situations involving violent offenders, a swift and effective use of force by the police can lead to a quicker resolution of dangerous situations. This can minimize the risk of harm to both the public and law enforcement officers. Protection of Innocent Bystanders: When law enforcement officers promptly intervene and use force to subdue violent offenders, they can protect innocent bystanders from harm. This helps maintain public safety by preventing the escalation of violence. Maintaining Law and Order: The use of force by the police to apprehend violent offenders helps maintain the rule of law and public order. It reinforces the idea that unlawful behavior will not be tolerated and that law enforcement agencies are committed to upholding societal norms. Officer Safety: Swift and well-coordinated use of force techniques can help protect law enforcement officers from harm when dealing with violent offenders. This, in turn, ensures that officers can continue to serve the community effectively. Preventing Escalation: In certain situations, the use of force might prevent an offender from escalating their violence or aggression, thereby reducing the potential harm they could cause to others. Training and Professionalism: Academic discussions might highlight the importance of well-trained officers who are skilled in the appropriate use of force. Smart policies ensure that officers are adequately trained to handle violent situations while minimizing unnecessary harm. Public Confidence: Properly managed use of force situations can bolster public confidence in law enforcement agencies. When the public sees that force is used judiciously and in line with established protocols, they are more likely to trust and cooperate with the police. Reduction of Future Crimes: Apprehending violent offenders through the use of police force can lead to a reduction in future violent crimes, as potential offenders might be discouraged by the proactive stance taken by law enforcement. It's important to note that discussions around the use of police force are complex and often involve considerations of appropriate levels of force, officer training, potential abuses, and the balance between public safety and individual rights. Additionally, academic articles may present a variety of perspectives, including potential drawbacks and controversies associated with the use of force. Always refer to the original source for the most accurate representation of the arguments presented in the article you mentioned. Annexure 1)

Annexure 2: Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 22 August 2023 . What is the role of police use of force in ensuring both police and public safety during the arrest of violent offenders? Chat-GPT response The role of police use of force in ensuring both police and public safety during the arrest of violent offenders is a complex and delicate issue. On one hand, police officers are tasked with maintaining law and order, protecting the public, and apprehending individuals who pose a threat to safety. On the other hand, excessive or unjustified use of force can lead to harm, erode public trust, and violate individuals' rights. Balancing these concerns requires careful training, policies, and accountability measures. Here are some key points to consider: Preserving Public Safety: When dealing with violent offenders, police officers must ensure the safety of the public. This may involve using force to control and apprehend suspects who are a danger to others. Officer Safety: Police officers have the right to use force to protect themselves and their colleagues from harm. When confronting violent offenders, officers may need to use force to prevent injury or loss of life. Proportionality: The principle of proportionality is crucial. It means that the level of force used should be proportional to the threat posed by the individual. This helps prevent excessive force and unnecessary harm. De-escalation: Whenever possible, officers should attempt to de-escalate situations to avoid the need for force. This involves communication, negotiation, and using non-violent tactics to gain control. Training: Police officers should receive thorough training in tactics for dealing with violent offenders, including how to safely subdue and apprehend individuals without resorting to excessive force. Policy and Oversight: Police departments should have clear use of force policies that outline when and how force can be used. These policies should be regularly reviewed and updated. Additionally, independent oversight and review boards can help ensure that use of force incidents are investigated fairly and objectively. Accountability: Officers who use excessive or unjustified force should be held accountable for their actions through internal investigations, legal processes, and, if necessary, criminal charges. Community Engagement: Building trust between the police and the community is essential. Engaging with the community and involving them in discussions about use of force policies can help shape guidelines that reflect community expectations. Technology and Non-lethal Options: Advancements in technology and the availability of non-lethal weapons can provide officers with alternative means of controlling violent offenders without resorting to deadly force. Continuous Improvement: Police departments should consistently evaluate and learn from use of force incidents. This can lead to improvements in training, policies, and tactics over time. In essence, the role of police use of force during the arrest of violent offenders is to ensure public safety and officer safety while respecting the principles of proportionality, de-escalation, and accountability. Striking the right balance requires ongoing effort, training, and a commitment to maintaining the trust and confidence of the communities police officers serve. Annexure 2)

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Annexure 3: Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 22 August 2023. How does the introduction of tasers influence the use of firearms by the police Chat-GPT response can help officers tailor their approach to the level of threat they perceive, potentially leading to better outcomes. De-escalation tool: Tasers can serve as a de-escalation tool by providing officers with a way to control and subdue individuals without resorting to more aggressive methods. The presence of a less-lethal option might encourage officers to prioritize de-escalation tactics over immediate use of deadly force. Training and accountability: The introduction of tasers has prompted police departments to provide training on the appropriate use of these devices. Proper training emphasizes the situations in which tasers should be deployed and the potential risks associated with their use. This focus on training and accountability can contribute to better decision-making by officers in high-stress situations. Controversies and concerns: While tasers are designed to be less-lethal, there have been cases where their use resulted in injury or death. Some concerns have been raised about the potential misuse or overuse of tasers, leading to calls for stricter guidelines and improved training. In some instances, tasers have been used in situations where their deployment might not have been warranted, raising questions about their true impact on reducing the use of firearms. Mindset and tactics: The availability of tasers can influence the overall mindset and tactics of law enforcement officers. They may be more inclined to consider non-lethal options first, potentially leading to a shift away from a default reliance on firearms as a means of control. Public perception: The introduction of tasers can also impact public perception of law enforcement. The use of tasers might be viewed as a more reasonable and proportionate response compared to firearms, potentially improving community relations. In summary, the introduction of tasers has provided law enforcement with a valuable tool to address threats and potentially reduce the use of firearms in various situations. However, their impact is complex, involving factors such as training, guidelines, accountability, and public perception. Proper implementation, ongoing assessment, and effective training are essential to ensure that tasers are used responsibly and in ways that align with the goal of reducing the use of deadly force. Annexure 3)

Annexure 4: Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 22 August 2023. How do agency policies impact the frequency and appropriateness of taser use and lethal force by the police ?

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Chat-GPT response Agency policies play a crucial role in shaping the frequency and appropriateness of taser use and lethal force by the police. These policies establish guidelines, procedures, and standards that officers are expected to follow when using force, including tasers and firearms. Here's how agency policies can impact the use of taser and lethal force: Use of Force Continuum: Many police departments have a "use of force continuum" or a similar framework that outlines a range of responses an officer can employ based on the level of resistance or threat posed by a subject. Agency policies define where tasers and lethal force fit within this continuum. For instance, policies might specify that tasers should be used before firearms in situations where lethal force is a possibility, as long as the situation allows for that choice. Guidelines for Taser Use: Policies can provide specific guidance on when tasers should and should not be used. This could include situations where a subject is actively resisting arrest, posing a threat to themselves or others, or refusing to comply with verbal commands. Clear guidelines help officers understand the appropriate circumstances for taser deployment. Proportionality: Effective agency policies stress the principle of proportionality, which means that the level of force used should be proportional to the threat faced by officers. Policies should emphasize using the least amount of force necessary to gain control of a situation. This can influence officers to consider tasers before resorting to more lethal options. De-escalation Emphasis: Many modern agency policies emphasize the importance of de-escalation techniques to minimize the need for any use of force. These policies encourage officers to attempt verbal communication, distance, cover, and other de-escalation tactics before resorting to any type of force, including tasers and firearms. Reporting and Review: Policies often require officers to report any use of force, including taser deployments. Internal review processes assess whether the use of force was within policy guidelines and whether the level of force used was appropriate. This helps maintain accountability and ensures that officers are following established procedures. Training and Recertification: Agency policies often mandate training on the proper use of force, including tasers. Officers are trained on how to assess situations, make decisions, and deploy force safely and effectively. Recertification processes ensure that officers stay up-to-date on the latest techniques and policy changes. Accountability and Consequences: Policies establish consequences for officers who violate use of force guidelines. This can include disciplinary actions, retraining, or even criminal charges in cases of excessive or inappropriate force. Public Perception: Agency policies that prioritize transparency and accountability can positively impact public perception of law enforcement. When the public sees that law enforcement agencies have clear, just, and unbiased use of force policies, it can foster trust and cooperation. In summary, agency policies shape the behavior of law enforcement officers by setting clear expectations for taser use and lethal force. Well-crafted policies prioritize de-escalation, proportionality, and accountability, ultimately influencing both the frequency and appropriateness of force used by the police. Annexure 4)

Annexure 5: Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. What insights do Taylor and Woods (2010) provide about injuries sustained by officers and suspects in police use-of-force incidents surrounding tasers?. Bing response According to Taylor and Woods (2010), tasers can reduce the injuries sustained by officers and suspects in use-of-force incidents by 75%. They also found that officers were less likely to be injured when using tasers compared to other force options. However, some studies have raised concerns about the potential health risks of taser exposure, especially for vulnerable populations. Learn more: Benefits, Risks, and Myths of TASER® Handheld Electrical Weapons | SpringerLink

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Annexure 5)

Annexure 6: Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. What are the primary factors that influence the decision of police officers to use their firearms, as revealed by the Chicago Police Department data studied by Vaithianathan et al. (2019)? Bing response According to a study by Vaithianathan et al. (2019), the primary factors that influence the decision of police officers to use their firearms are the suspect's behavior and the officer's perception of the suspect's behavior . The study analyzed data from the Chicago Police Department and found that "police officers are more likely to use firearms when they encounter suspects who are perceived as threatening or who are resisting arrest" . I hope this helps. Let me know if you have any other questions.

Annexure 6)

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Annexure 7 : Chat CPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. How have conducted energy devices, such as tasers, altered the landscape of police use of force compared to traditional methods like batons and OC spray? Chat-GPT response Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs), such as tasers, have had a significant impact on the landscape of police use of force compared to traditional methods like batons and OC spray (oleoresin capsicum spray, commonly known as pepper spray). Here are some key ways in which CEDs have altered the way police use force: Less Lethal Option: Tasers and similar CEDs provide law enforcement officers with a less lethal option when dealing with potentially dangerous situations. Unlike firearms or batons, which can cause serious injury or death, tasers are designed to incapacitate a person temporarily by delivering an electric shock that disrupts the nervous system. Reduced Physical Contact: Traditional methods like batons and OC spray often involve physical contact with the subject, leading to a higher risk of injuries to both officers and suspects. Tasers allow officers to maintain some distance while subduing a person, reducing the need for close physical engagement and the associated risks. Broader Applicability: CEDs can be effective on individuals who might be less affected by traditional methods due to factors such as intoxication, mental illness, or high pain tolerance. This broader applicability can make it easier for officers to control a wider range of situations without resorting to more aggressive force options. Risk Mitigation: The use of CEDs can potentially reduce the risk of injuries to both officers and suspects. By incapacitating a person without causing extensive physical harm, officers may be able to resolve situations more safely. Public Perception: In some cases, CEDs may be perceived as a less aggressive and less confrontational use of force compared to physical methods. This can influence public perception of law enforcement practices and potentially lead to better community relations. However, it's important to note that the introduction of CEDs also comes with its own set of challenges and controversies: Misuse and Overuse: There have been instances where tasers have been misused or overused by law enforcement officers, leading to unnecessary harm or even death. Concerns about the potential for abuse and the need for proper training have been raised. Electrocution Risks: While tasers are designed to be less lethal, there have been cases where individuals with certain medical conditions or substances in their systems have experienced adverse reactions, including fatal ones. Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on CEDs could potentially lead to officers neglecting other de-escalation techniques and communication skills that are crucial for resolving situations peacefully. Accountability and Training: The introduction of CEDs requires thorough training for officers to ensure they use these devices appropriately and proportionately. Ensuring accountability for misuse or abuse is also a challenge. In conclusion, CEDs like tasers have indeed altered the landscape of police use of force by providing an additional tool that falls between traditional methods like batons and OC spray, and more lethal options like firearms. Their use has the potential to reduce some of the risks associated with traditional methods, but careful training, oversight, and adherence to proper protocols are essential to ensuring their safe and responsible use Annexure 7) .

Annexure 8: Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. What implications do the findings from studies like Ferdik et al. (2014) have on formulating effective policies for police use of force?. Bing response The study by Ferdik et al. (2014) examines the relationship between the restrictiveness of conducted energy device (CED)-related policies and CED deployments and fatal police shootings. The study found that less restrictive CED policies are associated with increased CED usage and fewer fatal shootings by police. Although design limitations preclude causal arguments, these results suggest that police departments should at least consider adopting more liberal policies regarding the application of this less lethal technology. Effective policies for police use of force should be based on empirical evidence and should be designed to minimize the use of force while ensuring public safety. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) provides an overview of police use of force which includes basic verbal and physical restraint, less-lethal force, and lethal force. The NIJ also recommends that law enforcement officers should use only the amount of force necessary to mitigate an incident, make an arrest, or protect themselves or others from harm. I hope this helps! Annexure 8) .

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Annexure 9: Chat GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. In what situations might the use of a taser be deemed appropriate in terms of police tactics and minimising harm? Chat-GPT response The use of a taser as a police tactic should be considered when it aligns with principles of minimizing harm, promoting safety, and employing proportionate force. Here are specific situations where the use of a taser might be deemed appropriate: Active Aggression: When a person is displaying aggressive behavior that poses an immediate threat to officers, themselves, or others, the use of a taser might be appropriate to incapacitate and control the individual, minimizing the risk of physical harm. Resisting Arrest: If a person is actively resisting arrest and physical force alone is ineffective or could escalate the situation, a taser could be used to gain compliance and reduce the potential for injuries to both the individual and officers. Combative or Violent Individuals: In situations involving combative or violent individuals who cannot be controlled through verbal commands or other means, a taser can be employed to incapacitate them temporarily, allowing officers to take control of the situation without resorting to more severe forms of force. Mental Health Crisis: When dealing with individuals experiencing a mental health crisis and exhibiting dangerous behavior, the use of a taser might be considered if it's determined that verbal de- escalation, negotiation, and less invasive measures are not effective and the individual poses an immediate risk. Weapon Threat: If an individual is wielding a dangerous weapon and poses a risk to officers, bystanders, or themselves, the use of a taser could be appropriate to disarm and incapacitate them, preventing the use of lethal force while neutralizing the threat. Disturbances at Close Range: In situations where officers need to gain control of a suspect in close quarters, such as confined spaces, a taser might be used as an alternative to batons or other physical means, reducing the risk of injury. Protection Against Animal Threats: In cases where aggressive animals pose a threat to officers or the public, a taser might be used as a means to deter or incapacitate the animals, preventing harm without resorting to lethal force. Highly Evasive Individuals: When dealing with individuals who are evading arrest and putting themselves or others at risk through reckless behavior, a taser can be used to temporarily disable them, enabling officers to apprehend them more safely. Disrupting Physical Altercations: If officers encounter physical altercations involving multiple parties, a taser can be used to incapacitate a specific individual without escalating the situation further. It's important to emphasize that the decision to use a taser should be based on a thorough assessment of the situation, the behavior of the individual, and the potential risks involved. Law enforcement agencies should have clear policies and training in place to guide officers on when the use of a taser is appropriate and how to minimize potential negative outcomes. Additionally, officers should be prepared to provide immediate medical attention and care for anyone subjected to a taser deployment. Annexure 9) .

Annexure 10: Chat-GPT-3 to Carelina Minyanish, 23 August 2023. How do legislative changes and policy reforms impact the training and guidelines surrounding police use of force?

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Chat-GPT response Legislative changes and policy reforms can have a significant impact on the training and guidelines surrounding police use of force. These changes often stem from societal concerns, incidents of excessive force, and a desire to ensure law enforcement practices align with community expectations and human rights standards. Here's how legislative changes and policy reforms can influence police use-of-force training and guidelines: Use-of-Force Standards: Legislative changes can establish or update legal standards for the use of force by law enforcement. These standards often emphasize the necessity of using force only when it is reasonable and proportionate to the threat. Reforms may clarify the circumstances under which deadly force is permitted, such as in cases of imminent danger. De-Escalation and Communication: Policy reforms can emphasize the importance of de-escalation tactics and effective communication skills in police encounters. These changes might require officers to prioritize verbal engagement and non- lethal options before resorting to higher levels of force. Less Lethal Options: Legislative changes and policy reforms may mandate or encourage the use of less lethal options, such as tasers, pepper spray, and bean bag rounds, as alternatives to deadly force. This can result in training updates that focus on proper deployment of these tools. Duty to Intervene: Some reforms establish a duty for officers to intervene when witnessing a colleague using excessive force. This can be reinforced through training that emphasizes ethical responsibility and collective accountability. Mental Health and Crisis Response: Legislative changes can lead to reforms that prioritize specialized training for dealing with individuals in crisis or those with mental health issues. These changes can emphasize de-escalation, empathy, and understanding. Implicit Bias Training: Reforms might require or encourage training programs addressing implicit bias, racial profiling, and cultural sensitivity. This training aims to reduce prejudiced behaviors and improve community relations. Reporting and Transparency: Legislative changes can mandate improved reporting and transparency related to use-of-force incidents. Policy reforms may require officers to document and report their use of force, which can influence how officers are trained to justify their actions. Independent Oversight: Some reforms establish independent oversight mechanisms to review use-of-force incidents. This can lead to changes in training protocols and guidelines based on recommendations from external review bodies. Scenario-Based Training: Training programs might shift to incorporate scenario-based training that simulates real-world situations officers might encounter. This helps officers develop practical skills for assessing threats and responding appropriately. Crisis Intervention Training: Reforms could lead to the implementation of crisis intervention training, which equips officers with the skills to manage interactions with individuals experiencing mental health crises, substance abuse issues, or other vulnerabilities. Legal Liability Considerations: Legislative changes can influence training by clarifying legal liability for officers' use of force. This can prompt training updates that reflect evolving legal interpretations and court decisions. Cultural Shift: Overall, legislative changes and policy reforms often drive a cultural shift within law enforcement agencies toward more community-oriented, accountable, and ethical practices. This can impact the overall training philosophy and approach. Incorporating legislative changes and policy reforms into police use-of-force training and guidelines is essential for ensuring that officers are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to uphold public safety while respecting individual rights and minimizing harm. Annexure 10- PART 1)

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Annexure 10- PART 2)

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Annexure 11 : Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. How does the study conducted by Worley and Worley (2017) shed light on the need for intelligent policies concerning the use of tasers and stun guns by police officers? Bing response According to Worley and Worley (2017), their study sheds light on the need for intelligent policies concerning the use of tasers and stun guns by police officers. The study found that the use of tasers and stun guns by police officers has increased dramatically over the past decade, and that this increase has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of deaths and injuries associated with their use. The study also found that many police departments lack clear policies regarding the use of these weapons, and that this lack of policy has contributed to the problem. The authors argue that intelligent policies are needed to ensure that these weapons are used only when necessary and that their use is properly regulated. I hope this helps! Annexure 11:

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Annexure 12: Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. What potential legal liabilities can municipalities face when police officers inappropriately use tasers and stun guns, as discussed by Worley and Worley (2017)? Bing response According to Vidisha Barua Worley and Robert M. Worley (2017), municipalities can face legal liabilities when police officers inappropriately use tasers and stun guns on pretrial detainees. The US Supreme Court in Kingsley v. Hendrickson (2015) ruled that the use of a taser on a pretrial detainee for not following verbal commands, when the subject was not posing a threat to the security and order of the jail, was objectively unreasonable, unrelated to legitimate penological needs, and that the subjective intent of the officer was not to be taken into consideration. This is a major development in prison law as the US Supreme Court specifically addresses the issue of excessive use of force on pretrial detainees, who are distinct from prison inmates. Municipalities are liable when there are inadequate or broad policies or a practice, pattern, or custom of tolerating inappropriate use of tasers and stun guns by their officers that lead to violations of constitutional and federal rights of individuals.

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Annexure 12:

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Annexure 13: Bing-Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. How has public perception of police use of force evolved over the years, and how does it impact law enforcement practices? Bing response The public perception of police use of force has evolved over the years. In the past, police officers were given more leeway in using force to subdue suspects. However, with the advent of technology and social media, there has been increased scrutiny of police use of force. This has led to a greater emphasis on de-escalation techniques and other non-lethal methods of subduing suspects. The impact of public perception on law enforcement practices is significant. Police departments have had to adapt to changing public attitudes towards the use of force by implementing new policies and training programs. For example, many departments now require officers to undergo training in de-escalation techniques and other non-lethal methods of subduing suspects. In addition, there has been a push for greater transparency and accountability in law enforcement practices. This has led to the implementation of body cameras and other measures designed to increase transparency and accountability. Overall, the evolution of public perception towards police use of force has had a significant impact on law enforcement practices. Police departments have had to adapt to changing attitudes by implementing new policies and training programs designed to reduce the use of force and increase transparency and accountability. I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions

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Annexure 13:

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Annexure 14: Bing Chat to Carelina Minyanish, 24 August 2023. How do cultural differences and diversity training affect the way police officers use force when interacting with individuals from various backgrounds? Bing response Cultural differences and diversity training can affect the way police officers use force when interacting with individuals from various backgrounds. According to an article by Police Chief Magazine, the Little Rock Police Department (LRPD) Academy requires its officers to participate in a one-week in-service training each year. Typically, two hours during the week are devoted to the topics of diversity, inclusion, equity, and bias. Customarily, these topics are uncomfortable, and their delivery is challenging. A year earlier, at the recommendation of the academy, Chief Kenton Buckner of the LRPD petitioned the Little Rock City Manager and Board of Directors to hire an outside contractor to manage these topics. The course developed by the contractor, Cultural Diversity and Cultural Competency for Law Enforcement, pertains to CALEA Accreditation Standard 1.2.9/GO 117 addressing “Implicit Bias.” Going beyond a traditional approach to the topics of diversity, inclusion, equity, and bias, the course provided a fresh perspective through the lens of culture, not law or politics. The training was facilitated by consultants who were specialists in the field of intercultural communication and experienced in training law enforcement officers 1 . Another article by Diversity Builder states that recognizing and addressing bias and making the effort to become culturally aware can foster trust and confidence among the communities law enforcement protects and serves 2 . I hope this helps! Annexure 14:

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Critical Reflection Questions: Q1: What have you learned from this experience?

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Since I had always assumed that due to AI being artificial intelligence , it would be accurate regardless of the subject, I've learned that using in the unit taught me more about its limitations, as well as about its effectiveness and applicability. I've come to realize how powerful and disruptive AI can be. Artificial intelligence (AI), which is used in picture recognition, natural language processing, and even autonomous systems, has the potential to revolutionize entire industries and how people use technology. This experience has also highlighted the ethical concerns with AI, such as potential job loss and algorithmic bias. I've also discovered how important it is to establish a balance between innovation and responsibility while developing and using AI systems. But writing an annotated bibliography has really helped me hone my research and analytical abilities. I've discovered the importance of evaluating the credibility and relevance of each source, which is essential in developing a persuasive and critical argument. This experience has also brought to light the need for correctness and organization in academic writing, as making brief comments necessitates being able to extract key thoughts and continuously read the articles. Q2: Why does it matter to you? This matters to me because it highlights how we are constantly developing both research and the methods through both AIs and Annotated Bibliography. Knowing how to use AI properly might improve the study process for a student, researcher, or academic, but it is also crucial to examine the results it produces critically. Another reason it matters to me is that, primarily through this generation, the rise of digital technology impacts the ethicality of work submitted. Since many rely solely on AI, it might lead to superficial understanding and potential inaccuracies while also allowing for others who use Ai to cheat and create an unfair advantage on those who don't use Ai. In contrast, traditional research can offer a more comprehensive and accurate analysis because it may also affect the Critical Thinking of others as well as Traditional research encourages critical thinking and the development of analytical skills, which are valuable in academia. This matters to me as the way I approach my study and tasks as a university student is essential to my academic performance. I need to comprehend the advantages and restrictions of AI processing because it enables me to make wise choices regarding integrating AI tools efficiently without sacrificing the academic integrity of my work. Q3: What about this experience made an impact on you? Why? How I chose to utilize technology has been influenced by my experience using AI in the field and contrasting it to human intelligence during this unit. It highlights that human judgment is crucial in establishing the relevance, accuracy, and credibility of the sources even if AI can quickly retrieve important information from a big pool of data. The relevance of this experience throughout the assignments also changed my perspective, helping me see that while AI may expeditiously gather

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knowledge, it cannot take the role of careful consideration and thorough source evaluation. This insight has changed the way I think about research and how I understand how to use AI technology while maintaining the integrity of traditional research procedures. Q4: What does it make you think about the future use of AI and your learning? This encounter has me considering how artificial intelligence might be incorporated into upcoming research methodologies. While AI can speed up the preliminary stages of research, more is needed to replace the analytical abilities of critical analysis, synthesis, and interpretation. It supports the notion that AI should support and enhance human intelligence rather than take its place and also makes me wonder if more courses are willing to incorporate AI. Q5: How does this assessment experience make you feel? Why? I felt excited about using I's research opportunities and breaking it down on what Ai is truly capable of, but I also feel obligated to apply AI ethically and deliberately. It emphasises how crucial it is to balance practicality and objectivity when conducting research. I also now feel better prepared to negotiate the complex environment of AI-assisted research thanks to this evaluation experience. Initially, I had some reservations regarding the accuracy of AI-generated content, but going through this process has clarified the advantages and restrictions. However I did feel a bit anxious as I haven't done an annotated bibliography before so it was new to me and i didnt know how to go about it. Q6: Does this make you think of any past experiences you might have had in researching and then constructing a uni assignment or assessment? What are the links? I agree that this experience evokes moments when I had to manually spend a lot of time seeking relevant information. It highlights how early stages of such assignments might have been expedited by AI, allowing me to focus more on information processing and synthesis. AI may have sped up the process of gathering information, leaving me with more time for analysis and thoughtful reflection. The following four questions are where you make connections from this experience and link them to further research actions. What will you do because of this experience in the future when given a research task in one of your units?

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Q7: What would you do differently/the same next time? Why? Next time, I won't use AI and will instead continue to rely on it as a reliable source. However, I will now make a change: if I am truly stuck on a question or task and I can't ask anyone for help, I will instead use it as a framework or starter to give me an idea of what the assessment initials in the event that I am truly stuck. I won't copy and paste any of the answers, just use them as a brainstorming exercise to figure out what I can do. Q8: How will you apply what you have learned? I will put what I have learned to use by purposefully comparing AI to my study plans and only using it as a framework to get a sense of how an exam would appear. I will always make sure that I am not dependent on using AI sites like Chat-GBT or Bing chat, and I will be cautious about critically evaluating the AI-generated content, cross-referencing it with trustworthy sources, and other similar measures to ensure accuracy. Q9: What are the key points you have learned that you would like to share? The most essential lessons I've taken away from this experience are how crucial it is to maintain critical thinking skills and how crucial it is to strike a balance between employing AI aid and traditional research methods in order to generate high-quality scholarly work. And that human judgement is essential for assessing the reliability and usefulness of sources produced by AI. The goal of AI research should be to improve human intelligence, not to replace it. Q10: What kinds of critical questions does this raise that you might want to pursue further in your academic research and/or future learning at uni? This experience has raised critical questions regarding the moral implications of artificial intelligence- generated information, the possible impact of AI on the growth of critical thinking abilities, and the role of educators in preparing students to use AI efficiently while upholding academic integrity that I would like to pursue further within my research in the future.. By delving deeper into these issues, I can improve my academic experience and add to the conversation on AI in education and how critical thinking is still an important aspect that AI cannot take away from human intelligence. Word Count: 1100

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PICT2020_ Task 2-5

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