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17-07-2023
Domestic
Violence
among South
Asian Women
in UK
ROYAL HOLLOWAY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
1
Abstract
The main goal of this dissertation was to explore the factors that contribute to the rising rate
of domestic violence among South Asian women in the UK, with a focus on South Asian
communities. This research aimed to highlight the unique challenges and experiences that
women from South Asian backgrounds face. Including the specific barriers, societal
pressures, influences, and lack of support systems they encounter. It examined how cultural
and religious practises within South Asian groups impacted women and contributed to
domestic violence. The objective of this research was to enhance women’s' awareness of the
detrimental effects their experiences had on their own mental health and the wellbeing of
their children.
The research question focused on identifying the factors that contributed to the rising
prevalence of domestic violence among women in South Asian communities in the United
Kingdom. It aimed to investigate the specific elements that played a role in this escalation.
Additionally, the research sought to understand the effects of domestic violence on
individuals.
A literature review was carried out, and the research primarily relied on secondary sources,
such as scholarly papers and organisation reports that offered statistical data on domestic
abuse against South Asian women in the UK. This included police records of reported cases.
By examining these articles, reports, and records a comprehensive understanding was sought
of the various forms of domestic abuse experienced by South Asian women, as well as the
underlying circumstances and factors that contribute to abusive behaviour from male
partners. Furthermore, several reputable websites were consulted to obtain relevant data.
The outcomes revealed a noticeable increase in occurrences of domestic violence that could
be linked back to multiple variables at play. Factors such as language barriers leading to
miscommunication, or exclusion from services readily available to natives only due to limited
linguistic skills all contribute significantly to the difficulties faced by individuals facing abuse
within their homes.
Additional relevant elements were identified that included the epidemic itself, religious
influences, the stigma associated with divorce, and power inequalities within the family and
2
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society. When taken as a whole, these factors were discovered to add fuel to the fire of
domestic violence.
In conclusion, it was found to be of utmost importance to understand and raise awareness
about the specific challenges faced by South Asian women in the United Kingdom in order to
effectively address domestic abuse against them. These women encounter various obstacles,
including societal stigma, restricted access to support services, and language and cultural
barriers. By recognising and tackling these hurdles, we can formulate effective interventions
and establish support systems that will empower and safeguard South Asian women facing
domestic abuse.
Key words:
3
Table of Contents
Abstract
2
Chapter 1
5
1.1 Introduction
5
1.2 Background
7
1.3 Aim of the study
9
1.4 Rationale of the study
10
1.5 Conceptual Framework
11
1.6 Organisation of the Study 14
4
Chapter 1:
1.1 Introduction
This dissertation predominantly focuses on the South Asian community in the United
Kingdom; however, it acknowledges that the issues under discussion also pertain to other
communities. Additionally, the relevance extends beyond nationalities, differences in
background, or geographical limitations. As Professor Marine Chitashvili (2010) stated,
domestic violence (DV), a social epidemic, is not limited by distinctions of nationality, race,
religion, socioeconomic status, or geography. It is a universally recognised breach of human
rights, impacting individuals regardless of their race, religion, nationality, or language.
The primary focus of this dissertation is to comprehensively explore the intricate dynamics
surrounding domestic violence within South Asian communities in the UK. It specifically
aims to investigate and analyse the unique experiences, challenges, and consequences
encountered by South Asian women. Through an extensive examination of diverse
contributing factors and their wide-ranging effects on domestic violence. This research strives
to advance our understanding of this complex issue.
In my dissertation I will adopt the World Health Organisations (WHO) definition of violence.
According to the WHO, violence is "the deliberate use of physical force or authority against
oneself, another person, a group, or a community with the intention to cause harm, death,
psychological damage, developmental issues, or deprivation" (Semahagen, 2015). This kind
of behaviour is often motivated by a power imbalance between genders.
Prof. Marine Chitashvili (2010) states that violence against women is a significant issue in
society with extensive consequences for children, families, and the community as a whole.
The majority of this violence occurs within close social settings, such as family or immediate
relationships. Within these settings, various factors like family dynamics, kinship ties, and
societal norms can restrict women who experience domestic abuse from fully participating in
society (McVeigh, 2015). Additionally, McVeigh (2015) points out that the prevalence of
violence against women, particularly domestic violence, varies across societies due to
economic development and prevailing social norms.
5
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Academic discussions on the economic situation of South Asian women in the UK provide
valuable insights into different demographics (Dillon et al., 2013). A significant portion of the
South and Southeast Asian diaspora in the UK consists of recent immigrants and refugees
from countries like Pakistan, India, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. According to the World
Health Organisation (2013), the East African region has a larger urban population and more
middle-class families compared to the Asian Subcontinent. The majority of people from this
region have rural backgrounds and belong to the landlord class. When examining South Asian
women in the UK. They can be categorised into three groups based on language: those who
speak a South Asian language such as Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali, Urdu, or Hindi; those who
practise Islam, Hinduism, or Sikhism; and those who do not speak any South Asian
languages. Religion and language are additional criteria used for classification purposes
(Oram et al., 2017).
Reputable sources such as Frank and Golden (1992), Hegarty (2011), Hayes (2019), and
Azad (2021) have consistently raised alarm bells regarding the need for immediate action in
addressing the pervasive problem of domestic violence within the United Kingdom; it has
frequently been referred to as an epidemic. Further validating these concerns is data furnished
by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2020); their records indicate that an
overwhelming number - over 2.5 million individuals -based in England and Wales fell prey to
domestic abuse a mere year - illustrating just how serious this matter is. Out of these many
victims, approximately 1.6 million were women, while another 786,000 were men (Azad,
2021). Although already dire, the situation has worsened due to pandemic-induced lockdown
restrictions; regrettably, it was women who bore the brunt of this exacerbation, as evidenced
by a distressing increase in incidents involving domestic homicides during this period
(Statistics, 2021).
Disturbingly enough, Oppenheim (2020) and Grierson (2020) have highlighted a staggering
statistic wherein the number of female victims succumbing to domestic homicide escalated
from two to three per week. These figures serve as a stark reminder of both the gravity and
widespread nature of domestic abuse within the United Kingdom and Wales (Azad 2021).
Nonetheless, concerns persist regarding whether adequate attention will be given to this
matter by government authorities, considering that national data falls short in accurately
capturing incidents relating to both domestic violence and honour killings (Azad, 2021).
6
Introduction 771 words
1.2 Background
Violence against women has been a topic of discussion and media attention since the mid-
1990s (Finfgeld, Connett, and Johnson 2013). This viewpoint stems from classical sexism
(Dillon et al., 2013), which perpetuated the belief in male superiority and female inferiority.
While these discriminatory practises may have facilitated women’s' relatively peaceful
progress throughout history, they now pose a serious threat to the human rights of women and
children worldwide. Despite increased media coverage, domestic abuse continues to be
largely overlooked. Attention has been diverted towards forced marriage and honour killings,
overshadowing the pervasive issue of domestic violence. The media’s distorted portrayal of
honour-based violence only exacerbates an already complex problem (Patel, 2012). Feminist
organisations have made significant efforts to combat violence against women, prompting
political leaders to prioritise this issue (Jayawardena, 2014).
According to a study by Garca Moreno et al. (2015), the term "domestic violence" can
encompass a wide range of behaviours, not just physical ones. The authors of the report argue
that this model of violence has shifted our understanding of domestic abuse. Traditionally,
physical abuse was considered the most severe form of abuse because it was overtly visible.
However, recent research has highlighted the significance of "control" in cases of intimate
partner abuse (Dillon et al., 2013). This is evidenced by Section 76 of the Serious Crime Act
(2015), which criminalises the use of control or coercion in close personal or familial
relationships. Therefore, it is against the law to engage in abusive or controlling behaviours
within a romantic relationship. As stated by Oram et al. (2017).
Women in South Asia, like many women of all cultures, face challenges in recognising the
initial indicators of domestic violence within their particular cultural setting and societal
pressures. The constraints of shared living spaces, financial dependence, and responsibility
for children create barriers to reporting and acknowledging abusive situations. Consequently.
Numerous victims endure their suffering in silence. Even though it detrimentally impacts
both their physical wellbeing and mental health (Taj, 2018).
7
Numerous articles have shown that the occurrence of partner violence has an impact, on the
mental health and overall wellbeing of women.. This has led to increased awareness of the
issue and a push for mental health professionals to improve their recognition, prevention, and
response efforts. Research has shown that domestic or sexual abuse can leave women more
susceptible to developing mental illnesses (Garca Moreno et al.,2015). Despite experts
releasing guidelines for mental health providers on how to identify and respond to instances
of violence against women, there has been no noticeable increase in treatment utilisation or
patient response. Although there is limited research on the subject, Mental health services
hold potential in playing a role, in preventing violence against South Asian women, in the UK
contributing to both primary and secondary prevention efforts. It is important that further
investigation be conducted to determine effective strategies for identifying and treating both
victims and perpetrators who seek assistance from these services (Dillon et al., 2013).
The findings of this chapter by Dillon et al. (2013) shed light on the insufficient attention
given to domestic violence against ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom. It is concerning
that many surveys are only available in English, which leads to an underrepresentation of
Asian women. As highlighted by the World Health Organisation (2013). This is problematic
because there is mounting evidence suggesting that migrants' isolation increases their
vulnerability to abuse.
According to a study, a staggering 90% of Asian women who experienced domestic violence
endured it on a daily or weekly basis for at least eleven years. The consequences are severe,
with one fifth of victims attempting suicide and another 20% seriously considering it, as
noted by Azad (2021). These statistics paint a grim picture of the reality faced by these
women.
Moreover, the Office for National Statistics (2020) reveals that intimate male partners are
responsible for over half of all female deaths. According to Sabi et al. (2018), this
underscores the urgent need for comprehensive action to address domestic violence and
protect ethnic minority women from this pervasive issue.
Throughout history, the issue of violence against women and girls has been largely
overlooked or tolerated by society. While there has been an increase in global awareness
regarding these crimes, it is important to recognise that eliminating them will not be a simple
or swift task (World Health Organisation, 2013). In order to address this issue effectively, it is
8
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essential that financial resources be allocated towards the development and implementation
of national policies aimed at preventing and combating abuse
1.3 Aims of this Research
The aim of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the factors contributing to
the rising rates of domestic violence among South Asian women in the UK. Specifically,
within South Asian communities, the research objectives are focused on uncovering the
barriers that South Asian women face when attempting to recognise and report domestic
violence. By examining various themes and how they intersect, this study seeks to shed
light on people's perceptions of domestic abuse. Furthermore, it will concentrate on the
challenges faced by South Asian women in recognising and reporting domestic violence.
The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding by investigating cultural
norms, religious beliefs, and individual upbringing as they relate to views against
domestic abuse. Ultimately, it is anticipated that the research findings will be valuable for
practitioners and policymakers working in the field of domestic violence. To address
these goals, the study seeks answers to two core research questions:What factors
contribute to the increasing rates of domestic violence among women in South Asian
communities in the UK? And what impact does this behaviour have?
9
1.4 Rationale of the Study
The main aim of this literature review was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the
underlying causes of domestic abuse, specifically targeting women of South Asian descent in
the United Kingdom. Domestic abuse is a serious issue with significant consequences for
individuals and society. However, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the factors
contributing to domestic abuse within this specific population.
By conducting this literature review, I aimed to examine existing theories, studies, and
research findings related to domestic abuse in the UK. Focusing specifically on South Asian
women. The objective was to identify and analyse the key factors, such as cultural, social,
economic, or systemic influences, that contribute to domestic abuse against this particular
group. Understanding the causes of domestic abuse against South Asian women in the UK is
crucial for several reasons.
It allows for a more nuanced understanding of the unique challenges and experiences faced
by this population. By identifying the root causes, it becomes possible to develop targeted
interventions, support systems, and policies that can effectively address and prevent domestic
abuse within this community.
Furthermore, the significance of this literature review lies in its potential to fill gaps in the
existing knowledge and understanding of domestic abuse against South Asian women in the
UK. It contributes to the body of literature on domestic violence by highlighting specific
dynamics and factors relevant to this population. Thus, providing insights that can inform
future research, practise, and policy development. Overall. Undertaking this literature review
was motivated by the need to enhance understanding, raise awareness and inform efforts to
combat domestic abuse against women of South Asian descent in the United Kingdom.
10
Total words=275
1.5 Conceptual Framework
Research on domestic violence within the South Asian context can be organised into four
main areas: the feminist movement, the concept of honour, its connection to the criminal
justice system and the impacts of current laws (Jayawardena, 2014).
The conceptual
framework offers a thorough perspective to comprehend the manifold aspect of domestic
violence experienced by South Asian women in the UK. This theoretical lens enables a
holistic investigation into the cultural, social, individual, and systemic factors that contribute
to this problem.
Literature review:
Bring attention to an opposing viewpoint and highlight the concerning race-focused and
Eurocentric perspective of the British domestic abuse movement. This narrow perspective has
resulted in an imbalanced focus on violence against South Asian women. The fragmentation
within the movement raises concerns about its ability to recognise and embrace diversity.
Key concepts and variables:
Rising Prevalence of Domestic Violence:
The increase in domestic violence within South Asian communities in the UK can be
defined as a documented rise in the frequency or occurrence of domestic violence
incidents among this particular population over a specific period. To understand the
extent of this issue. It is necessary to analyze quantitative data, such as reported cases.
Factors Contributing to Domestic Violence:
The issue of domestic violence is complex and multifaceted. To gain a better
understanding of this issue it is crucial to identify and categorize the various factors that
have been linked to its increasing prevalence. These factors include cultural norms,
gender inequality, socioeconomic conditions, acculturation stress, community attitudes,
and access to support services. By delving into each of these factors. We can gain insight
11
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into the root causes of domestic violence and work towards developing effective
strategies for prevention and intervention.
Effects of Domestic Violence:
The effects of domestic violence on individuals within South Asian communities
encompass various aspects such as psychological, physical, social, and economic
impacts. This abuse has significant implications for their mental health, overall quality of
life access to social support systems and ability to achieve economic independence.
Theoretical Framework:
There are several sociological theories that look at the origins and effects of domestic
violence that can help us understand it (Johnson, 2008). Feminist theory is one of the most
frequently employed ideas to explain domestic violence. Feminist theory holds that
patriarchy, a system of social organization in which males wield more power and authority
than women, is the cause of domestic violence (Johnson, 2008). The oppression and control
of women as a result of this power imbalance presents itself in various types of violence,
including domestic violence (Johnson, 2008).
Feminist theory:
According to feminist theory, power imbalances in close relationships contribute to domestic
violence (Jewkes, 2015). In order to exert control over the victim, uphold dominance, and
compel obedience, the offender resorts to violence. Domestic abuse is, in this way, both a
physical act and a reflection of social power dynamics (Garcia-Moreno, 2006). Feminist
theory also emphasizes how social practices and attitudes that uphold gender inequality and
patriarchy also contribute to domestic violence (Stark, 2007). For instance, gender
stereotypes that portray males as aggressive and women as docile may encourage and even
legitimize violence against women (Stark, 2007).
Sociological Learning theory:
Sociological learning theory is another sociological theory that can aid in understanding
domestic violence (Dutton, 2007). According to this hypothesis, people pick up behaviors
through modelling and observation. (Dutton, 2007) According to the social learning theory,
people who have witnessed or experienced violence themselves as children are more prone to
utilize that same kind of behavior in their personal relationships (Breiding, 2015). Social
12
learning theory also highlights that cultural factors can influence the development of violent
behavior (Excellence). For example, exposure to media that normalizes violence or promotes
aggressive behavior can increase the likelihood of using violence in intimate relationships
(Excellence).
Intersectionality theory:
Intersectionality theory is a framework that acknowledges and examines how identities like
race, gender, class, sexuality, and disability intersect and influence an individual's experiences
and societal outcomes. The term was introduced by legal scholar Kimberly Crenshaw in the
1980s. Intersectionality theory emphasises the nature of forms of oppression and
discrimination, going beyond simplistic approaches to comprehend social inequality.
Intersectionality theory was used to examine "how a woman's culture of origin, her position
within the social, political, and economic world, and within the dominant culture of society
can affect her experience of violence and the options available to her" (Lockhart, 2010).
Landenburger’s Model of Abuse Stages:
To gain an understanding of the experience of battered South Asian women this dissertation
examines Landenburgers' (1989) phases of abuse, which provide insight into the dynamics of
abuse and significant events in their lives. Landenburger (1989) divides women’s experiences
and reactions to abuse into four distinct stages.
By adhering to this conceptual framework. The dissertation can systematically examine the
factors that contribute to the increasing occurrence of domestic violence in South Asian
communities within the United Kingdom. Additionally. It can acquire valuable perspectives
on the impact of such violence on individuals.
Total words =
13
1.6 Organisation of the Study
This dissertation is structured into five main sections:
In Chapter 1, an introduction is provided, which offers a concise overview of the
paper’s topic and presents the problem that will be addressed.
Chapter 2 focuses on the methodology used in this research, thoroughly describing the
research approach, and taking into consideration contributions from secondary
sources.
Chapter 3 A literature review is conducted to examine previous research and explore
how other scholars have approached the subject.
Chapter 4 presents findings and analysis, drawing conclusions that can be derived
from the literature.
Chapter 5 serves as the concluding chapter, where the study’s' findings are
summarised, appropriate inferences are made from them, and recommendations for
further research are provided.
14
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Chapter 2 Review Methodology
Domestic violence against South Asian women in the United Kingdom was evaluated using
these methods.
1. Defining the Review Objectives
First, I defined what I hoped to achieve from this literature review. The major aims (Bearman
et al., 2012) were to gather information regarding the occurrence , root causes, and
consequences of domestic violence against South Asian women in the United Kingdom. As
part of this procedure, I analysed studies investigating the effects of domestic violence on
several demographics, including mental health and economic standing.
Research was mainly secondary in nature. The dissertation analysed information that has
already been gathered, published, and studied by other researchers or sources. Complete
dependency on data gathered by others, including sources like academic journals,
publications, government papers, and online databases.
2. Identifying Relevant Databases
When ensuring the credibility of our research I consulted a variety of databases which were
considered absolutely crucial for acquiring comprehensive information. These included
popular platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, Web of Science along with
Scopus and JSTOR; through these repositories I was granted access to an extensive range of
articles across various sectors such as medicine, psychology, sociology, and interdisciplinary
studies. As part of my dissertation, I also used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme
(CASP) to evaluate the validity and dependability of the papers I included for my review.In
addition, I used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) as part of my dissertation, to
evaluate the quality and reliability of the studies included in my review.
3. Determining Key Search Terms
15
Key search terms were established to facilitate a thorough literature search. These words were
chosen because they fit in with the scope and goals of the study. I utilised the following terms
as anchors for my search:
- Domestic violence
- Intimate partner violence
- South Asian women
- United Kingdom
- Prevalence
- Risk factors
- Consequences
- Cultural norms
- Power dynamics
- Mental health impacts
- Socioeconomic inequalities
These terms were combined using Boolean operators (e.g., AND, OR) to refine the search
and retrieve relevant articles.
4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
The selection process for determining which papers would be incorporated into this review
was conducted with meticulous care.
Inclusion Criteria
Papers published solely in English qualified as suitable material for this examination. Studies
specifically concentrated on domestic violence perpetrated against South Asian women
executed within the confines of the United Kingdom stood as permissible for inclusion.
The
review also included primary research studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses based
on their applicability to this subject matter.
Exclusion Criteria
In order to narrow my scope of research. I primarily focused on recent findings and thus
excluded papers published prior to 2000 from my review. Nevertheless. I did incorporate
16
particular articles that delved into the historical backdrop of domestic violence prior to 2000.
The inclusion of these articles aimed to enhance comprehension of the obstacles and concerns
encountered in previous times when addressing domestic violence.
Additionally, studies conducted outside of the United Kingdom were omitted so as not
deviate from a narrow geographic focus. Moreover, I specifically targeted studies exploring
domestic violence against South Asian women since this was the primary topic of interest for
my review. Taking this approach allowed me access directly pertinent information aligned
with my research objectives.
In addition, I excluded opinion pieces, editorials, and conference abstracts from analysis.
Though these sources can hold value within specific contexts, it wasn't suitable for this
particular review. The application of both inclusion and exclusion criteria took accomplished
during thorough screening. My stringent adherence ensured high quality; reliable studies
ultimately included within my analysis.
5. Search and Screening Process
The literature search was executed with the help of the selected databases and keywords. A
considerable number of items were found in the initial search. There were a few rounds of
screening:
Stage 1:
Title and Abstract Screening - The study's topic and goals were assessed by reading
article titles and abstracts. I removed irrelevant or off-topic items now
(Torres-Carrión et al.,
2018).
Stage 2
: Full-Text Screening - Full texts of the remaining publications were reviewed to
determine whether they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria
(Lichtenstein., 2008) I read
the entire articles to make sure they were relevant to my research topic.
6. Selection of Papers
Screening results determined which papers were selected for further examination. The study
technique, how effectively the articles answered the research questions, and how closely they
connected to the issue all influenced the decision. This summary considered roughly 45
papers.
7. Data Analysis
17
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Reading and analysing the selected research revealed the prevalence, risk factors, and
consequences of domestic abuse against South Asian women in the UK. Synthesising and
arranging the articles' conclusions and significant topics produced a comprehensive summary
of the topic's current knowledge.
Our systematic literature review comprised setting review objectives, discovering appropriate
databases, developing search terms, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, and selecting a
group of publications for in-depth study. I found and screened only high-quality studies on
domestic abuse against South Asian women in the UK.
18
Chapter 3: Literature review
Introduction:
Domestic violence (DV) affects individuals from diverse backgrounds, regardless of their
socioeconomic status, religious beliefs, or ethnicities. According to a global survey,
approximately 10% to 50% of women worldwide have encountered physical violence from
an intimate partner. The findings of Watts and Zimmerman (2002) support this claim. The
study by Ferrari et al. (2016) states that domestic violence committed against South Asian
women in the United Kingdom reveals a grim image. In South and Southeast Asia, DV is
very common Watt, C. (2002). Due to shame, the stigma associated with domestic violence,
the emphasis on maintaining a positive family image, and the fear of social isolation, South
Asian women in abusive relationships are more likely to keep it a secret than other victimised
women. Kallivayalil (2004) since 2004.
A woman's decision to stop her aggressive behavior could be prompted by any number of
events that serve as catalysts or turning points in her life. As defined by the article, turning
points are "certain events, circumstances, or relationships that fundamentally alter how
women perceive violence, their relationships, and the way they wish to respond." Based on
research, by Chang JC (2010) it has been observed that abused women experience turning
points in their journey. These turning points encompass realizations, such as recognizing that
their abusive partner is unlikely to undergo any change in the near future. Additionally, they
come to the understanding that prompt decision making's imperative as delaying it might
result in missed opportunities. Moreover, some individuals tend to attribute their decision to
leave the relationship to factors or hold someone else responsible, for influencing their
choices. These incidents might be quite severe, like a threat to life, or they can be rather
minor, like adding to the tension of an already tense abusive relationship (HRF, 1988). As
reported by Enander (2008), Sabi B. (2016) women are often motivated to make changes in
abusive relationships when they see
the effects of the abuse on their children, when the abuse
escalates to the point that the women fear for their lives or the lives of their children, or when
they realise, they have access to strong external support. "(Chang JC, 2010)" Sabi B. (2016).
19
Research has shown that children who are exposed to violence are, at a risk of becoming
victims or perpetrators of abuse later in life thus perpetuating the cycle of violence (Evans
and Feder, 2016).
The anti-domestic-abuse movement has, for quite some time (Wiper, 2012), battled issues of
racial exclusion and prejudice. A vast amount of evidence argues that the movement's
membership and efforts to combat domestic abuse have been hampered by racially restricted
practises, notably with relation to outreach and support initiatives geared at black, Asian, and
minority ethnic (BAME) groups. Indeed, white radical feminists positioned gender inequality
to show that all women, regardless of age, class, or race, were potential victims in the early
stages of the movement; however, they largely failed to represent the varied experiences and
needs of abused poor and BAME women across Britain. Nonetheless, despite the fact that
recent studies have pointed out the pervasive ethnocentrism of the domestic abuse movement
as a "white woman's movement" (Wiper, 2012).
20
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3.1: From Ethnocentricity to Eurocentricity
In the 1970s and 1980s BAME women’s voices were noticeably underrepresented, within the
anti-domestic violence movement. Nonetheless in two decades, BAME feminists have played
a role by providing valuable theoretical insights that have unquestionably brought about
substantial transformations, in the realm of feminism as a whole (Wiper, 2012). They
challenged the movement’s ethnocentric focus by illustrating how patriarchy intersects with
racial and ethnic power structures to shape violent experiences that are a reflection of social
norms and power dynamics within specific communities and societies (Crenshaw, 1991)
(Bryson, 2003). In response to patriarchal gender relations in South Asia and the South Asian
diaspora in the UK at that time, South Asian women began recognising the importance of
asserting themselves within the British domestic abuse movement. Particularly, South Asian
feminists and activists highlighted the concepts of "honour" and "shame " noting that South
Asian men often exercised strict control over the sexual purity of South Asian women. This
meant that engaging in extramarital affairs, refusing an arranged marriage selected by their
fathers, or adopting westernised lifestyles could bring disgrace upon their families and
communities, which was often deemed sufficient justification for punishment (Johal, 2003)
(Gill, 2004) (Gupta, 2003). Today such punishment is commonly referred to as "honour-
based violence," which can also involve acts like murder, female genital mutilation,
detention, financial exploitation, as well as physical, emotional, and psychological abuse
(Meetooh, 2007). Prior to this period, however, "honour-based violence" was incredibly rare
in Britain (Meetooh, 2007).
Nevertheless, the present evidence suggests that South Asian women no longer primarily
prioritise the ethnocentric perspective championed by the British domestic violence
movement. This observation stems from a comprehensive shift in how feminists and activists
confront violence against women within South Asian communities over the past decade. The
very fabric of this change has been interwoven with significant events like September 11
(Welchman, 2005). A critical realisation is warranted in recognising honour-based violence as
21
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a global phenomenon transcending geographical boundaries - manifesting itself not only in
South Asia but also throughout the Middle East, Africa,
In Europe, including the United Kingdom, domestic violence is a distressing reality that
affects individuals regardless of their cultural background or religious beliefs. However, it is
concerning to note that South Asian feminists' efforts have unintentionally focused
predominantly on addressing these crimes within their own cultural context, thereby
inadvertently disregarding the diverse range of affected individuals (Welchman, 2005).
Academics suggest that the South Asian diaspora experiences increased racism, both from
institutions and society, in the present (Burman, 2004). This has resulted in difficulties for
South Asian women to raise their voices against the violence prevailing in their communities.
The challenges are primarily due to essentialist and homogenised understandings of South
Asian culture as well as moral panics fueled by Islamophobia regarding the Muslim majority
(Volpp, 2000). There exists strong evidence supporting the notion that Western responses
regarding violence against South Asian women are shaped by preconceived notions about
South Asian society. These notions often portray it as being "more" violent and male
dominated than Western societies (Wilson, 2006) (Warrier, 2008). In fact, it is argued that
these responses are significantly influenced by false beliefs suggesting that South Asian
culture is inherently more prone to violence and male dominance compared to Western
cultures. Additionally, these beliefs dehumanise South Asian women as passive victims who
require intervention from the supposedly more civilised West (Gupta, 2003).
Sujata Warrier (2008) highlights the increased visibility of South Asian women in public
consciousness due to discourses of dread and risk. This portrayal of women as foreign and
backward contributes to a negative perception of them. Purna Sen argues that British
feminism perpetuates the belief in the moral superiority of the West over other cultures due to
its colonial interactions. This is evident in how practises such as dowry burkas, honour
killings, and forced marriages are viewed by Western societies (Sen, 2005).
Total words= 643
Take out 86 words
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3.2.
Coercive Control in South Asian Communities:
Assault, threats, humiliation, and intimidation are all examples of coercive control that can be
used to damage, punish, or intimidate people. Many people do not realise that doing so is also
against the law, making them vulnerable to fines and even jail time if they're caught. In the
year ending in March 2020, domestic violence harmed 1.6 million women and 757,000 men
in the United Kingdom. In the period between April 2017 and March 2018, 960 occurrences
of coercive control were reported to the Crown Prosecution Service; of these, 15% included
people of south Asian descent and occurred in the northwest of England. The ONS predicts
that a total of 24,856 new cases will be reported by the year's conclusion. The high proportion
of domestic violence experienced by South Asian women in the UK is exacerbated by verbal
and physical abuse, unwanted touch, and sexual assault (World Health Organisation 2021).
In 2019, Salamat Khan and his son became the first individuals to be convicted of
domineering behavior towards girls, described by the court as having subjected them to a
harrowing existence. This event was a significant turning point in how the general public and
the Asian community perceived authoritarian conduct. While domestic violence affects
individuals from various backgrounds, there are specific aspects within South Asian cultures
that exacerbate its severity. Professor Anita Raj's research reveals that South Asian immigrant
women are disproportionately harmed by intimate partner abuse. This disparity could be
attributed to their potential lack of familiarity with domestic violence services. It is possible
that existing services do not effectively engage with this population due to linguistic and
cultural barriers, such as considerations regarding halal food and prayer rooms in shelters, for
instance.
What exactly is coercive control? According to research by the ONS, criminal behaviour is
established when it occurs "repeatedly or continuously" on the part of the perpetrator. A direct
“personal connection” between the alleged offender and the victim must exist at the time of
the act. The victim must have felt a "serious effect" from the behaviour, which is defined as
having a "substantial adverse effect on the victims' day-to- day activities" or making the
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victim fear that violence will be used against them "at least twice." The defendant must either
have known or "ought to have known" that their actions would cause substantial harm to the
victim.
Fear of social exclusion alongside immigration related concerns might discourage South
Asians who possess British citizenship from speaking up about their experiences. The
University of Huddersfield undertook a project examining domestic violence and Islam
within the British South Asian community and discovered that family dynamics can serve as
a deterrent. Adhering to customs and traditions, Asian women frequently relocate to their
husbands' family homes after marriage. Consequently, even if they are officially divorced
from their partners, they may still face harassment and mockery from extended family
members. It is worth emphasing that reluctance to report such incidents is not limited to
victims alone. The response of law enforcement agencies can also impact individuals'
willingness to come forward. Sohail Taj, the primary author of this project, found that women
may perceive powerful institutions like the police as potential threats rather than sources of
assistance. Additionally, a separate study conducted by Jyoti Belur, a lecturer at the
University of London, revealed instances where white police officers exhibited impatience
when communicating with non-English speaking women requiring interpreter services.
Like other forms of domestic abuse, it can be difficult to recognise issues of coercive control
when there is no physical violence present. However, senior lecturer and director of the
Honour Abuse Research Matrix Network (HARM) at the University of Central Lancashire,
Dr. Roxanne Khan, claims that all forms of abuse are equally damaging. Although acts of
coercion and control can be subtle at times, she tells Metro.co.uk that they can have
devastating effects on a person's sense of self-worth, happiness, security, and even their lives.
This discussion aims to encourage victims of coercive control to seek help from the Asian
community. Dr. Khan highlights common oppression methods, such as abusers isolating
victims from friends and family, limiting contact, or monitoring them, preventing them from
receiving the necessary help.
Words:696
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3.3. The difficulties of diversity
The role of South Asian academics and advocates in the British domestic violence movement
has experienced significant changes. Initially, they challenged the ethnocentrism present in
the conceptualizations of domestic violence by white feminists, which focused solely on
gender disparity as the root of violence against women. However, now their critique is
centered on the movement's increasing Eurocentric and race-focused interests. They argue
that this emphasis has resulted in a disproportionate amount of sexual violence against
women (Wiper, 2012). South Asian feminists have expressed concerns regarding the
excessive focus on cultural differences and its impact on practice. They believe that this
approach further disempowers South Asian women by reinforcing negative stereotypes (Gill
T. R., 2010).
Academics, activists, and South Asian women's organisations emphasise intersectionality
theory's centrality to movement praxis in reacting to violence against South Asian women.
(Crenshaw, 1991). Intersectionality theory examines "how a woman's culture of origin, her
position within the social, political, and economic world, and within the dominant culture of
society can affect her experience of violence and the options available to her" (Lockhart,
2010). South Asian women are seen as people who encounter numerous, overlapping systems
of oppression and dominance to varying degrees (Wiper, 2012). The prevailing viewpoint, in
the West that Asian women are victims of cultural mistreatment overlooks the legal barriers
that have increased the difficulties faced by BAME women in the UK when attempting to
escape from violent situations (Wiper, 2012).
Various state policies and practices, such as immigration control, policing and surveillance,
multiculturalism and multifaith agendas, English Language (ESOL) provision, and housing
benefits, play a significant role in shaping the experiences of BAME women who face
domestic violence. Wiper (2012) emphasises how these policies have affected the lives of
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these women. Particularly concerning is the discriminatory nature of British immigration law,
as exemplified by the Two-Year Rule, which targets immigrants with spousal visas who end
their marriage within two years. Many Black and South Asian led organisations have
expressed a strong desire to address this issue (Wiper, 2012). Although limitations exist in
discussing all aspects here, it is important to address the discrimination that persists in British
immigration law (Wiper, 2012).
3.4. Domestic Violence and Government Funding:
Domestic violence devalues women and keeps them from seeing a world without violence.
The right to live free from fear of domestic abuse is one that is sadly not universally
respected. The victims of this type of assault are in a particularly vulnerable position because
they cannot simply hide at home or avoid potentially dangerous situations. They have
nowhere to go and no one to turn to for help because the violence is happening right at home
(Othman, 2014). The UK Coalition government allocated £40 million over 5 years to reduce
domestic abuse as part of their "Call to End Violence Against Women and Girls" campaign in
2010 (Home Office, 2010). Government officials have promised to deal with domestic
violence, but critics have pointed out that the current administration is eliminating most of the
funding for this purpose. According to data collected through freedom of information
requests made by non-profit organisations (Anitha, 2008), Between 2009-2010 and 2012-
2013, England's funding for domestic abuse shelters and other women's services was cut by
£5.6 million.
Decentralising government in favour of community-based approaches to social provision
was the motivation behind the present administration's "Big Society" Initiative, which started
in 2010 (Ishkanian, 2014) and explains these cuts.
Public spending is predicted to fall by £20
billion between 2009/10 and 2015/16, with the voluntary sector losing £2.8 billion on its own
as a direct result of the increased depth and breadth of cuts since 2010. (Mirza, 2016).
Combating intimate partner violence is an uphill battle. For legislation in the United
Kingdom to be effectively drafted and implemented, it is crucial that the Police, the Home
Office, the Crown Prosecution Service, and the National Health Service work together
(Wiener, 2017). The United Kingdom is at the forefront of international efforts to aid battered
women. Women's groups have always been crucial to society, and they continue to be now.
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Participating in political efforts to educate the public about domestic violence and aid victims
in rebuilding their lives (Htun, 2012). Refuge, which opened the first women's shelter in the
world in London in 1971, is now the country's preeminent provider of domestic abuse
services. Refuge recognises that every woman has unique needs; therefore, they tailor their
programmes to meet needs. Successful interventions are more likely to take into account
women's religious and cultural views (Terman, 2016).
As the public in the United Kingdom learned more about women who had been abused by
their male companions, the issue was elevated to the level of national debate (Richardson,
2015). The National Women's Liberation Conference of 1978 added a seventh demand as a
result of this:
“Abolish all laws, presumptions, and institutions that uphold male supremacy and men's
hostility against women. Freedom from intimidation by threat or use of violence or sexual
compulsion, regardless of marital status.”
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3.5 Effectiveness of the police in addressing domestic violence in South Asian
populations:
According to Patel (2003) feminists argue that BME women, particularly Asian women, who
experience domestic abuse face a dual disadvantage. The first challenge is the lack of
appropriate services available for all victims of domestic abuse. The second challenge is the
existing policing methods, which are insufficient in meeting the culturally specific needs of
these women (Anitha, 2008).
When dealing with cases of domestic abuse. Police officers often encounter difficult
interpersonal situations and are required to find temporary solutions (Anitha, 2008). This can
become even more challenging when working with South Asian families, who may not fully
understand the power dynamics within their culture (Gill A., 2004). Bleurs' study (2008)
provides evidence of some obstacles faced by police officers when addressing domestic abuse
cases in South Asian households (Anitha, 2008). In one instance mentioned by Anitha (2008),
a white police officer struggled to communicate with a woman who did not speak English
and needed an interpreter. Rita, a specialist domestic abuse officer stated that white officers
often lacked patience in such situations. Overall, it is evident that there are significant issues
surrounding the provision of services and effective policing when it comes to addressing
domestic abuse among BME women especially those from Asian backgrounds. These
challenges need to be acknowledged and addressed to ensure that all victims receive the
support they require.
In addition, most interpreters are middle-aged men, which could introduce unpleasant gender
dynamics into an already tense scenario. An interpreter once knowingly misrepresented a
victim's story to Rita, and she heard about it (Gupta, 2003). Even though this is just one
officer's perspective, it highlights the broader issues of language difficulties and police
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incompetence in responding to domestic violence among South Asian Muslims (Gupta,
2003). Currently, the outcome of a woman's interaction with police in the event of a domestic
dispute is determined by a lottery system that depends on the responsiveness of the
responding officer. As of the year 2016 (Robinson). Even if the police are called and the
offender is removed, they might not understand that it is customary for the bride to move in
with the groom's family in most South Asian marriages. Because of this, women of South
Asian descent are disproportionately affected by "unwitting racism." If this isn't taken into
account, the victim may continue to suffer from abusive in-laws even after the perpetrator has
been caught. Gill, A. K. (2016).
The cultural and linguistic difficulties that South Asian women must overcome when
reporting domestic violence is one of the major problems that the police must deal with.
Many South Asian women might not be native English speakers, which can make it
challenging for them to interact with law enforcement and seek support services [ CITATION
Equ19 \l 1033 ]. Women could also be discouraged from reporting domestic violence or
asking for assistance from outside their community due to cultural barriers [ CITATION
Equ19 \l 1033 ].
Despite the commendable efforts made it remains uncertain whether the UK police are
effectively ensuring the safety and wellbeing of South Asian women who face domestic
violence (Help, 2019). There is a possibility that some police personnel may not sufficiently
acknowledge the severity of domestic abuse or possess the necessary expertise to
appropriately address it across diverse locations (Help, 2019). Furthermore, if South Asian
women are unable to read or lack familiarity with UK police protocols there exists a potential
for mistreatment at the hands of law enforcement authorities.
Words 565
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3.6
: Domestic Violence as a Stereotype for South Asian Women:
due to cultural norms and stereotypes that exist within communities, women may be more
vulnerable to domestic abuse in some societies. The stereotype of a South Asian lady
committing domestic violence will be examined in this section.
When it comes to domestic violence, South Asian women, particularly those from India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, suffer particular difficulties [ CITATION Ham13 \l
1033 ]. Gender stereotypes and patriarchal beliefs are firmly embedded in South Asian
countries, where women are frequently expected to be subservient, obedient, and tolerating of
violence [ CITATION Ham13 \l 1033 ]. Women who experience domestic violence are
frequently expected to suffer in silence since it is often seen as a private affair [ CITATION
Ham13 \l 1033 ]. South Asian women frequently find it challenging to ask for assistance or
report the violence they are facing due to this cultural norm [ CITATION Hes05 \l 1033 ].
In addition, South Asian women could experience other types of prejudice and oppression,
like racism and xenophobia, which could make them more vulnerable to domestic abuse
[ CITATION Mil06 \l 1033 ]. South Asian women may face additional barriers to accessing
support services due to linguistic and cultural challenges (Miller, 2006). Moreover, there is
concern that attitudes supporting and legitimising domestic abuse may be prevalent within
this community (Feder, 2011). Abusers could use stereotypes such as the "docile and
submissive South Asian woman" to justify their violence as a form of "discipline" (Feder,
2011). Additionally, the stereotype of the "overbearing and demanding South Asian woman"
could make it easier for abusers to rationalise their violence as a means of "putting their
partners in their place" (Feder, 2011).
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The perception of South Asian women who have experienced domestic violence may be
influenced by the prevailing stereotype (Feder, 2011). For instance, certain cultural beliefs
suggest that domestic abuse occurs less frequently in specific cultures. This notion can lead
people to believe that it is also less prevalent or serious within the South Asian community
itself (Feder, 2011). Consequently, this belief system can result in a lack of resources and
assistance for South Asian women who become victims of domestic abuse (Feder et al.,
2011). In conclusion, amidst the complexity lies the stereotype surrounding domestic
violence inflicted upon South Asian women. This multifaceted issue is impacted by social
customs held dear across different societies alongside traditional gender roles as well as
various other forms of bias or discrimination (Coker, 2000). It is of utmost importance to
fully comprehend the distinct challenges endured by South Asian women in relation to
domestic abuse. This comprehension brings forth the need for concerted efforts in advocacy,
education, and support services that are capable of being more sensitive and responsive to
cultural norms (Coker, 2000). Across South Asian communities and beyond, battling
stereotypes that endorse or legitimise domestic violence is paramount. Replacing these
stereotypes with a culture rooted in compassion, equality, and nonviolence will lead to a
society built upon basic decency (Dutton, D.G., 2006)
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3.7. Domestic Violence Situations during COVID-19:
South Asian women in the UK are not immune to the difficulties and dangers that the
COVID-19 pandemic has brought. This problem has had a significant influence on people's
lives all across the world [ CITATION Ful21 \l 1033 ]. The pandemic has particularly made
things perilous for South Asian women who are victims of domestic abuse. Many South
Asian women are now more isolated as a result of lockdowns and social isolation policies,
which may make them more susceptible to domestic violence [ CITATION Ful21 \l 1033 ].
Women may be confined at home with abusive partners or family members due to a lack of
options for leaving or getting help, increasing their risk of experiencing physical, emotional,
and sexual abuse [ CITATION Ful21 \l 1033 ].
In addition, a number of support programs that are essential for combating domestic abuse
have been affected by the pandemic [ CITATION Ful21 \l 1033 ]. It may be more challenging
for women to seek the care they need if helplines and shelters are closed, have reduced
capacity, or both [ CITATION Ful21 \l 1033 ]. There are now more obstacles to reporting
domestic violence due to the pandemic. When resources are scarce and women are unable to
leave their houses to report abuse or seek medical attention because of lockdown regulations,
they may be reluctant to ask the authorities for assistance [ CITATION Ira22 \l 1033 ].
Domestic abuse against South Asian women in the UK has significantly increased as a result
of the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdowns. Following are a few of the reported
ailments:
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Increased risk of violence: The lockdowns and social exclusion tactics have made
many South Asian women more isolated, which increases their susceptibility to
domestic abuse. There may be few possibilities for women to seek aid or flee abusive
relationships or family members, trapping them at home [ CITATION Ell08 \l 1033 ].
Economic strain: The epidemic has placed a lot of families under financial strain,
which can worsen conflicts and raise the possibility of domestic violence. South Asian
women who depend on their boyfriends or family members for financial support may
be more susceptible to abuse at this time [ CITATION Ell08 \l 1033 ].
Lack of support services: Due to the pandemic, many support services—including
hotlines and shelters for victims of domestic violence—have been disrupted. This has
made it more challenging for South Asian women to get the assistance they require to
stop being abused [ CITATION Ell08 \l 1033 ].
Reporting obstacles: The pandemic has made it more difficult to report domestic
violence. For instance, lockdown limitations can prevent women from leaving their
houses to report abuse or get medical attention. They can be reluctant to ask the
government for assistance during a crisis when resources are limited [ CITATION
Ell08 \l 1033 ].
During the COVID-19 pandemic, these circumstances have put many South Asian women in
the UK in a perilous sitauation. It is crucial to keep spreading awareness about domestic
abuse and to make sure that people in need of support services can get them [ CITATION
Cal20 \l 1033 ].
Given these circumstances, it is essential to keep bringing attention to domestic violence and
to make sure that people in need of support services have access to them [ CITATION
Sha21 \l 1033 ] To guarantee that women can obtain help throughout the epidemic safely, this
may entail cutting-edge strategies like online counselling or virtual support groups
[ CITATION Sha21 \l 1033 ]. In order to address the cultural and linguistic barriers that may
hinder women from seeking treatment, it may also require specific outreach to South Asian
populations [ CITATION Sha21 \l 1033 ].
Total words 571
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Chapter 4: Discussion
4.1 Understanding the Meaning, Importance, and Relevance of the Themes
4.1.1 The Consequences of Spousal Abuse on South Asian Societies
The literature research uncovered a central topic of domestic violence in South Asian
cultures. It draws attention to the difficulties South Asian women in the UK encounter while
trying to get aid for domestic violence
(Niaz., 2013)
. Understanding the cultural and
economical variables that contribute to domestic violence in South Asian societies is vital.
The fear of being alone and the importance placed on preserving family dignity are two such
factors. The effects of domestic violence on South Asian women's life, notably their health
and the community as a whole, must be recognised and addressed
(Ganeshpanchan et al.,
2021)
.
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4.1.2 Ethnocentricity and Eurocentricity: Advancing an Inclusive Approach
The anti-domestic-abuse movement has shed attention on the persistence of Eurocentrism and
other types of ethnocentrism in perpetuating long-standing marginalisation and prejudice
against people of African, Asian, and Middle Eastern ancestry. This topic highlights the need
of addressing the unique needs of women of colour and low-income backgrounds who have
been victims of violence. To grasp the full scope of the issue, we must look beyond the
stereotypical binary of good/bad and race/class/income. The importance of this issue rests in
its defence of an all-inclusive method that avoids generalising about particular groups of
people.
4.1.3 Coercive Control in South Asian Communities: Recognizing Non-Physical Abuse
In South Asian societies, the issue of coercive control is pervasive and frequently takes the
form of physical violence. Coercive control is the use of force, persuasion, or social isolation
to exert dominance over another person. The seriousness of the issue can only be grasped by
comprehending the breadth of abusive practises that might be categorised as "domestic
violence," beyond only physical assault. Recognising and resolving abusive power dynamics
is essential in order to give victims the help they need.
4.1.4 Barriers and Challenges to Seeking Help: Overcoming Obstacles
The difficulties South Asian women have while seeking aid for domestic violence are
highlighted by this issue
(Tonsing et al., 2021)
. Cultural standards, fears of social rejection,
inability to communicate effectively, and mistrust of authority are all examples of such
obstacles (Watts., 2022). The scale of this problem can only be grasped by thinking about the
myriad of circumstances that discourage people from seeking treatment and the risk to their
health and safety that this poses. Creating culturally competent solutions, strengthening
relationships within affected groups, and expanding access to assistance are all ways to
mitigate these problems' effects.
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4.2 Social Workers' Role in Addressing Domestic Violence in South Asian Communities
4.2.1 Enhancing Awareness and Education
By raising awareness about the problem, social workers in South Asian communities may do
much to end domestic violence
(Ganeshpanchan et al., 2021)
. There are a lot of social,
cultural, and economic variables that contribute to domestic violence in these communities,
and it is important that they be brought to the attention of policymakers and the general
public
(Tonsing et al., 2021)
. To raise public knowledge about domestic abuse, its effects on
South Asian women, and the solutions available, social workers can organise training
sessions, workshops, and awareness campaigns. Social professionals have an opportunity to
educate the public about domestic violence
(Niaz., 2013)
.
4.2.2 Developing Culturally Sensitive Interventions
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Social workers play a crucial role in ensuring the specific needs of South Asian women who
have endured domestic violence are met through the creation of culturally competent
interventions (Watts., 2022). To accomplish this successfully, you must be well-versed in the
values, conventions, and traditions of the area
(Niaz., 2013)
. In order to protect cultural
norms while increasing the independence of persons who have undergone trauma, social
workers should communicate with community leaders, cultural groups, and survivors
(Shankar et al., 2013)
. Possible therapies include safe spaces, language and culture-specific
resources, and counselling services. By tailoring their interventions to the cultural norms of
South Asian women, social workers can assist keep them safe while they seek help and
recovery.
4.2.3 Collaboration with Community Stakeholders
Social workers can better serve their communities when they collaborate with a wide variety
of groups and individuals. South Asian communities may improve their response to domestic
violence by working together with these organizations
(Abraham., 2005)
. Social workers can
arrange conversations, workshops, and community forums to address the issue, clarify
stereotypes, and advocate for healthy relationships. Collaborative efforts by members of the
community may result in the establishment of referral networks that provide survivors with
simple access to supplementary aid. When community members, including social workers,
work together to prevent and resolve domestic violence, everyone benefits.
4.2.4 Advocacy and Policy Development
To effectively combat domestic abuse in South Asian communities, social workers must push
for legislative and institutional changes
(Tonsing et al., 2021)
. They can take part in policy
debates, contribute to relevant research, and offer policymakers sound advice. Supporting
survivors, strengthening legal protections, and fostering cultural competence are all issues
that social workers should fight for. Social workers can make a difference in ending domestic
abuse and ensuring survivors have access to justice and resources by pushing for structural
changes to address the issue.
4.2.5 Linking Back to the Conceptual Framework
Constant references to the study's overarching theoretical tenets are required throughout the
debate. The conceptual framework serves as the theoretical bedrock upon which the topics
from the literature study may be interpreted and as a lens through which domestic violence in
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South Asian communities can be understood
(Ganeshpanchan et al., 2021)
. Social workers
can bolster the credibility and applicability of their suggestions by continually referring back
to the framework from whence they derived them.
Social workers are crucial in South Asian communities to combat domestic violence. Social
workers can aid in the prevention of domestic violence and the empowerment of South Asian
women who have experienced abuse by raising public consciousness, creating culturally
appropriate interventions, collaborating with community stakeholders, advocating for policy
changes, and referring back to the conceptual framework
(Abraham., 2005)
.
4.3 The Relevance of the Identified Themes and Their Implications for Social Work
Practice
4.3.1 Theme 1: Intersectionality of Gender, Race, and Culture
The interaction of gender, ethnicity, and culture in explaining domestic violence in South
Asian populations emerged as a major subject in the literature assessment
(Harrison., 2019)
.
This topic stresses the significance of understanding how structural oppressions such as
racism, sexism, and cultural norms interact with one another to influence the lives of South
Asian women. The specific issues experienced by South Asian women within their cultural
and racial contexts necessitate an intersectional approach to domestic abuse that is not fully
comprehended from a gender lens alone. In light of this knowledge, social workers should
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take an anti-oppressive and culturally sensitive approach that values diversity and caters to
the unique need of South Asian survivors.
4.3.2 Theme 2: Cultural Barriers and Stigma
The literature also reveals that South Asian women are less likely to seek aid and disclose
their experiences of domestic violence due to cultural barriers and shame (Watts., 2022).
When it comes to protecting family reputation and unity, cultural norms, expectations, and
values in South Asian communities sometimes prioritise silencing and condemning survivors.
For South Asian women to feel comfortable approaching social workers for help, social
professionals must be aware of and sensitive to these cultural barriers. Collaboration with
community leaders, confronting cultural norms that perpetuate violence, and culturally
sensitive interventions that take into account the specific needs and values of South Asian
survivors may all be necessary to achieve this goal
(Bhandari et al., 2018)
.
4.3.3 Theme 3: Access to Support Services
The literature also shows that cultural constraints and stigma make South Asian women less
likely to seek help and disclose experiences of domestic violence. Cultural norms,
expectations, and beliefs in South Asian communities may emphasise silencing and punishing
survivors when it comes to safeguarding family reputation and unity
(Tripathi., 2022)
. Social
workers need to be aware of and sympathetic to these cultural barriers if they want South
Asian women to feel comfortable approaching them for support
(Niaz., 2013)
. It may be
required to work with community leaders, challenge cultural norms that perpetuate violence,
and implement interventions that are culturally responsive to the needs and beliefs of South
Asian survivors in order to achieve this.
4.3.4 Theme 4: Empowerment and Resilience
The literature emphasised the importance of empowerment and resilience in surviving
domestic abuse for South Asian survivors, highlighting their agency and strength. Social
professionals should encourage a strengths-based approach that focuses on South Asian
women's demonstrated resilience and coping skills
(Ganeshpanchan et al., 2021)
. This
includes encouraging survivors to take an active role in decision-making, helping them
establish confidence in their own abilities, and giving them access to resources that will help
them become financially stable
(Shankar et al., 2013)
. Social workers can aid in the healing
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and restoration of victims of violence by giving them the tools they need to stop the cycle of
victimization
(Harrison., 2019)
.
4
.3.5 Contribution to the Research Question
Understanding and combating domestic abuse in South Asian communities is facilitated by
the themes uncovered in the literature review. They shed emphasis on the importance of
cultural competency, intersectionality, and empowerment in social work practise and provide
a thorough grasp of the various elements that contribute to domestic abuse
(Bhandari et al.,
2018).
Targeted interventions, policies, and strategies to combat domestic abuse within South
Asian communities can be developed using the highlighted themes.
Social workers can better aid South Asian survivors, challenge cultural norms that perpetuate
violence, advocate for systemic changes, and aid in the prevention and intervention of
domestic violence in South Asian communities if they recognise the importance of these
themes and their implications for practice
(Niaz., 2013)
.
4.4 Linking Back to the Conceptual Framework: Understanding Domestic Violence in
South Asian Communities
Domestic violence in South Asian communities can be better understood via the theoretical
prism of the research's conceptual framework. It includes cultural barriers and stigma, access
to support resources, empowerment, and resilience, as well as the intersections of gender,
race, and culture. These features correspond with the primary themes found in the literature
research and provide an in-depth comprehension of the dynamics and complexities of
domestic violence in a South Asian setting.
The highlighted themes and their consequences for social work practise can be made sense of
by referring back to the conceptual framework. South Asian women encounter unique
experiences and obstacles due to the junction of their gender, race, and culture, which calls
for a sensitive and understanding approach. It stresses the need to address power disparities,
cultural norms, and racial prejudices in order to provide an effective response to domestic
violence in these areas (Kallivayalil., 2004).
In order for South Asian women to feel comfortable seeking help and support, we must
eliminate the judgmental and hostile environments where they now find themselves. To
combat negative cultural norms and advance social change, cultural competence, awareness,
and cooperation with community leaders are required
(Bhandari et al., 2018)
. Social workers
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can better accommodate the special requirements and values of South Asian survivors if they
take the time to learn about and address the cultural barriers that prevent them from receiving
care.
The importance of removing obstacles that keep South Asian women from receiving
assistance is emphasised by the central issue of gaining access to support services. It stresses
the importance of establishing culturally sensitive support networks and providing
linguistically suitable services, including the use of interpreters if necessary. To ensure that
abuse survivors have access to the services and support they need to break free, social
workers play a crucial role in raising awareness, lobbying for increased access, and
cooperating with community organisations (Kallivayalil., 2004).
The survivors' agency and strength are honoured through the focus on empowerment and
resilience. Social professionals should take a strengths-based approach that helps victims heal
and move on with their lives after trauma. Social workers can help victims of violence heal
and recover by encouraging economic autonomy, skill development, and meaningful
participation in decision-making processes (Enander et al., 2008).
4.5 The Contribution of the Research to Social Work Practice
Multiple areas of social work practise benefit from this study's research findings. For one, it
sheds light on the unique difficulties and determining variables in the occurrence of domestic
violence in South Asian populations
(Tripathi., 2022)
. Social professionals' ability to
understand and respond to the complex dynamics at play is enhanced by adopting an
intersectional perspective.
Second, it explains why South Asian women are less likely to seek treatment or talk about
their problems than women from other cultures
(Shankar et al., 2013)
. Using this information,
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social workers can design culturally competent programmes that protect victims, combat
harmful cultural norms, and encourage community members to seek assistance.
The study also highlights how critical it is that South Asian survivors have easy access to
support resources. Social workers can help abuse survivors by campaigning for better access,
offering language-specific information, and working with community organisations to
provide victims with the tools they need to break free from abusive relationships
(Bhandari et
al., 2018)
.
In conclusion, the study highlights the value of empowerment and resilience in social work
practise. Social professionals can help South Asian women who have experienced abuse
recover and become self-sufficient by taking a strengths-based approach and emphasising the
agency of survivors. Long-term recovery is possible with this method, as is increased
community resilience (Kallivayalil., 2004).
In sum, the study sheds light on the issue of domestic violence in South Asian communities
and offers useful recommendations for social workers to implement. Social workers can
contribute to the preventive and intervention efforts to eliminate domestic violence in these
areas by incorporating the identified themes and bringing them back to the conceptual
framework.
Chapter 5 :Implication for social work
The issue of violence among Asian women in the UK is a matter of great concern that needs
to be addressed by professionals in the field of social work. Social workers play a role in
tackling violence by offering assistance to survivors and advocating for preventive measures
and intervention strategies. Working with women in these cases requires social workers to be
mindful of specific implications and considerations. Social workers should be aware of:
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Cultural sensitivity
: When dealing with domestic violence cases in communities, social
workers must handle them with cultural sensitivity and awareness. It is important to have an
understanding of the community's norms, values, and beliefs in order to effectively engage
and intervene. Respecting and valuing the background of the individuals involved is crucial,
while also acknowledging that cultural factors should never be used as an excuse or
acceptance of abuse.
Language and communication:
The issue of language barriers can create difficulties when
it comes to providing support for women. Social workers should make an effort to ensure that
accessible language interpretation services are available, enabling communication with
survivors and their families. This might include utilising interpreters or bilingual social
workers to assist in facilitating dialogue and promoting understanding.
Community engagement
: In order to effectively tackle violence, it is essential to involve the
South Asian community. Social workers should work closely with community leaders,
organisations, and religious institutions to increase awareness, challenge beliefs, and
encourage the development of healthy relationships. By fostering trust and forming
partnerships within the community, we can break the silence surrounding violence. Empower
survivors to seek the support they need.
Intersectionality and Multiple Identities:
Social workers play a role in acknowledging and
tackling the interplay of identities among South Asian women. It is vital for them to recognise
how factors like race, gender, ethnicity, religion, class, and immigration status intersect and
influence their experiences. By conducting an analysis, social workers gain an understanding
of how various forms of oppression and discrimination intertwine to shape the unique needs
of survivors.
Trauma-Informed Practice
: The experience of violence can cause trauma for survivors. To
support these individuals, it's important for social workers to approach their work with an
understanding of the impact trauma can have on a person's well-being. By incorporating
trauma-informed practises into their interventions, social workers can create supportive
environments, empower survivors, and connect them with services like counselling or
therapy if needed.
Collaboration with Multi-Disciplinary Teams
: Addressing violence necessitates an effort
that involves professionals from various disciplines. Social workers should join forces with
individuals from the police force, healthcare providers, legal advocates, and counsellors to
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establish a synchronised response and provide all-encompassing support to survivors. By
working as a unit, interventions can be more effective, and survivor safety can be improved.
Given these considerations, social workers have a role to play in assisting Asian women who
face domestic violence in the UK. Their support is invaluable as they can offer services,
champion survivor’s rights, and actively work towards preventing and addressing violence
within the community.
Total words:500
CHAPTER: 6 Conclusion
Domestic violence in South Asian communities has been the focus of this dissertation, which
has taken a social work approach to the issue. Intersectionality of gender, race, and culture;
cultural hurdles and stigma; access to support services; empowerment and resilience; these
are only some of the important themes that emerged from the literature study. Domestic abuse
in the South Asian setting was fully understood via the lens of these concepts (Enander et al.,
2008). This research shows that a social work approach to domestic violence in South Asian
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communities needs to take the culture of such communities into account. It drove home the
need for spaces that are accepting of South Asian women without assuming anything about
their backgrounds or experiences. The studies also highlighted the need of eliminating
cultural barriers and stigma to make therapy and support more accessible to survivors.
Findings also highlighted the importance of social workers and community organisations
collaborating to better link survivors with resources
(Bhandari et al., 2018). Long-term
rehabilitation and independence for survivors was also underlined, as was the value of
survivors' agency. This dissertation contributes to social work practise by increasing our
understanding of domestic violence in South Asian communities and by providing useful
insights and suggestions for addressing this issue. It highlights the significance of cultural
knowledge, collaboration, and a strengths-based approach to addressing domestic abuse and
supporting survivors
(Gilbert et al., 2004). By incorporating the findings from this study into
their practise, social workers can make a profound difference in the lives of South Asian
survivors of domestic violence
(Mahapatra., 2012).
Recommendations:
The following suggestions are made to reduce domestic abuse against South Asian women in
the UK:
1.
Awareness-raising
: It's critical to spread information on domestic abuse against
South Asian women in the UK, as well as the particular obstacles these women
encounter, such as linguistic and cultural barriers. Frontline workers can be educated
and trained to do this through community outreach programmes, public awareness
campaigns, and other means.
2.
Offer support services
: Women who are victims of domestic violence need support
services like counselling, safe housing, and legal assistance. These services must
be
customised to meet the particular requirements of South Asian women, taking
linguistic and cultural factors into account.
3.
Address economic dependency
: A major barrier keeping women in abusive
relationships is economic dependency. Providing financial aid and educational
opportunities can empower women and lessen their susceptibility to domestic abuse.
4.
Accountability:
It is crucial to urge women to reveal domestic violence in order to
hold abusers accountable and protect victims. By implementing programmes that
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encourage reporting and de-stigmatise victims, and by training police and other first
responders, this goal is within reach.
5.
Implementation of legal reforms:
Strengthening domestic violence legislation and
holding perpetrators accountable are two of the most effective legislative reforms that
can be made to protect women from abuse in the home. Changes to immigration rules
may be necessary to protect victims of domestic violence from being deported or
losing their legal status.
6.
Work with community leaders:
Community leaders, such as elders and religious
leaders, have a vital role in shaping public opinion and response to domestic violence.
Working with these influencers can help stop domestic violence and advance gender
equality in South Asian communities.
7.
Seek Justice:
This must be done so that victims of domestic violence have access to
justice. Legal protections such as restraining orders and urgent injunctions fall under
this category.
Total words:11,510
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