Untitled document (7) (1)

pdf

School

Central Michigan University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

200

Subject

Sociology

Date

May 28, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by lindaya2020

1 Project I Descriptive Statistics: Happiness in Marriages Lindaya Marshall-Thrash Central Michigan University SOC 200QR Dr. Jody Sauer 29 February 2024

2 INTRODUCTION Marital Happiness is not only an indicator of a successful marriage or relationship, but it also acts as a marker for societal standing. In a sense we can use this information to see how stable married couples are in our communities. In this study the dependent variable “level of happiness” will be measured as we navigate the various factors influencing happiness in marriage. To identify the levels of happiness we will analyze the independent variables such as, the respondents sex, subjective class identification, and highest level of education completed. All of these factors have possible influences on how marriages may operate. To better understand this information there are three hypotheses formed to better intersect the influences and variables: 1. Sex (IV) is associated with the level of happiness (DV) a. For instance, women are more likely to report higher levels of happiness in their marriages. 2. Class (IV) is associated with the level of happiness (DV) a. For instance, those who identify as lower class are less likely to experience happiness in their marriage. 3. Education (IV) is associated with the level of happiness (DV) a. For instance, individuals with a higher level of education are more likely to experience the happiness of marriage. The hypotheses formed are based on a gathering of empirical evidence rather than just speculation. Through readings and research it is often found that women report higher levels of happiness in their marriage. Additionally, people associated with the lower class status are less

3 likely to experience happiness in their marriages, while this is in relation to people with higher levels of education are more likely to experience happiness. METHODS For this study used the data form the General Social Survey 2018 to perform a secondary analysis. Although the data is primary we are conducting a secondary analysis. The GSS data was used to navigate the relationship between marital happiness and various socioeconomic factors. While analyzing the “level of happiness” or dependent variable and the socioeconomic variables (independent), we seeked to find appropriate insights to the association between the two variables. MEASUREMENT In this portion of the analysis, we will go into depth about each variable related to the variable of study. The variables to be discussed are; level of happiness, sex, class, and education. For each variable I will list the level of measurement, name, labels and total number of respondents to the question. Happiness of marriage The happiness of marriage (HAPMAR) was investigated in the GSS survey to determine the level of happiness of respondents' marriages and recorded as a nominal variable. A total of 635 respondents answered the question. The categories associated with the variable are "very happy," "pretty happy," and "not too happy." Sex The respondents sex was recorded as a nominal variable and used to analyze the gender distribution within respondents. This could ideally help to identify the patterns within the data.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

4 All respondents did respond in a total of 1,500. Additionally, there are 814 females and 686 males. Subjective Class Identification The subjective class identification (CLASS) was used to analyze the respondents and order them into their associated class status. CLASS was additionally labeled an ordinal level of measurement with 1,490 respondents. The categories listed were “lower”, “working”, “middle”, and “upper”. Highest year of school completed The highest year of school (EDUC) was recorded to distinguish the amount of education respondents have obtained as well as measure their level of education. Of the 1,500 respondents participating only 1,498 responded to the question. Categories consisted of ranges from zero to twenty years of schooling completed. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS For this part of the essay I will provide more descriptive information regarding the variables and data that supports it. This portion will further include the summaries of frequency tables and graphs, as well as measures of central tendency and variability. Table 1 indicates the frequency and percentage distributions of the happiness of marriage. The survey initially consisted of 1,500 persons, however only 635 of those responses were valid. Of the valid responses, 64.4% were recorded to be “very happy” in their marriages, 32.8% were “pretty happy”, and 2.8% were “not too happy”.

5 Table 1: Frequency Table of Happiness of Marriage (Dependent variable) Looking further into the dependent variable, happiness of marriage, I suggested making a pie chart in figure 1. This choice is simply because the variable is nominal. Additionally it was chosen to showcase the greater majority. Examining the pie chart, a large portion of individuals (valid responses) responded they felt happiness in their marriage, while the other half were either pretty or not too happy. Figure 1: Pie Chart of the Happiness of Marriage (Dependent Variable)

6 Sex: Independent Variable #1 In the General Social Survey of 2018, respondents were asked to identify with their sex, as either male or female. With a total of 1,500 participants, all were answered making the total number of responses valid. As indicated in table 2, 814 respondents were women and 686 were men. Table 2: Frequency Table of the respondents sex (Independent variable #1) Zooming into the data more closely, I constructed a bar chart in figure 2 to help visualize the greater amount of women's contribution to the survey versus men. Looking at the bar chart you can really see the 6.8% difference between the genders. Figure 2: Bar chart for the respondents sex (Independent variable #1)

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

7 Class: Independent Variable #2 Moving into my next independent variable, subjective class identification, I have created a frequency table to better interrupt the valid totals and percentages. Of the 1,500 participants only 1,490 responded to the question. If you look at table 3, you are able to see the total as well as the percentages. It is indicated that of the valid responses, individuals are middle class with a valid percentage of 44.4% making this the most frequent class status. Table 3: Frequency Table for Subjective Class Identification Additionally, I provided a bar chart for this ordinal level of measurement. Looking at figure 3, you can easily see the disproportions of class across the respondents. Furthermore this figure does contribute to seeing the frequent class status. Figure 3: Bar Chart of Subjective Class Identification

8 Highest Level of school completed: Independent Variable #3 Lastly but not least we will take a look at the interval-ratio variable, education. Respondents were asked what was their highest level of education and of the 1,500 participants and two (1,498) did not wish to respond. Additionally, of the valid responses we can infer that just over a quarter of respondents only obtained a high school diploma (26.9%). Table 4: The Highest year of School completed (Independent Variable #3)

9 To further interpret the data here, we can acknowledge that a great portion of participants have only completed up to 12 years of schooling. In figure 4, this data is also illustrated in a histogram. A histogram for this purpose helps us to identify trends within the data. Alarmingly, from the data we see that, just after 12 years, individuals are less likely to continue their education after those mandatory years.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

10 Figure 4: Highest level of education (Independent Variable #3) Measures of Central Tendency Table 5 below, presents the measures of central tendency for marital happiness, sex, class, and education. Considering that sex is a nominal variable, it can only be arranged by names and labels. We will only be able to analyze the mode of this variable. The independent variable, sex, had a mode of 2. The mode of 2 indicates that females have the most frequent responses, also indicating a greater number of female participants. Additionally to the mode of the variable sex, there is other information that can be described as for the mean, median, and mode. With a

11 median of 2.00 and mode of 3, class also indicates that on average respondents are “middle class”. Next, taking a look at education, it contains a mode of 12 and 13.71. This is crucial information as the original hypothesis stated that, “women are more likely to report higher levels of happiness in their marriages”. Furthermore, we note that there are 128 more women than men. These pieces of information raise some potential questions that may suggest that the amount of women in the survey is associated with the common amount of school years completed. Table 5: Measures of Central Tendency for All Four Variables Mean Median Mode HAPMAR(ordinal) 1.38 1.00 1 SEX(nominal) Not applicable Not applicable 2 CLASS(ordinal) 2.43 2.00 3 EDUC(interval ratio) 13.71 14.00 12 Range IQR Standard Deviation HAPMAR 2 .542 SEX 1 .498 CLASS 1 .710

12 EDUC 20 3.039

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Related Documents

Semana 11_ Sumativa 6 - Solemne 2_ 202405.2313 _ CONTROL DE GESTIÓN.pdf

kmitchell_Module 02 Social Media Plan - Topic Selection_05232024.docx

1-3 Journal Medium and Message Reflection.docx

Case study .docx

MFT 5105- Week two Explore Postmodernism and Social Constructionism.docx

Research_Paradigms_final_.docx

Theory Application Writing Workshop 2.docx

Substance Abuse Prevention in the United States.docx

CHCDIV001 Student Guide.docx

Social Media Best Practices Presentation Final Draft (1).pptx

Reflection #2.pdf

CA_8_1_Slade_A.docx

Recommended textbooks for you

Social Psychology (10th Edition)

Sociology

ISBN:9780134641287

Author:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers

Publisher:Pearson College Div

Introduction to Sociology (Eleventh Edition)

Sociology

ISBN:9780393639407

Author:Deborah Carr, Anthony Giddens, Mitchell Duneier, Richard P. Appelbaum

Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company

The Basics of Social Research (MindTap Course Lis...

Sociology

ISBN:9781305503076

Author:Earl R. Babbie

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Scien...

Sociology

ISBN:9780134477596

Author:Saferstein, Richard

Publisher:PEARSON

Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach (13th Edition)

Sociology

ISBN:9780134205571

Author:James M. Henslin

Publisher:PEARSON

Society: The Basics (14th Edition)

Sociology

ISBN:9780134206325

Author:John J. Macionis

Publisher:PEARSON

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Social Psychology (10th Edition)
Sociology
ISBN:9780134641287
Author:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers
Publisher:Pearson College Div
Introduction to Sociology (Eleventh Edition)
Sociology
ISBN:9780393639407
Author:Deborah Carr, Anthony Giddens, Mitchell Duneier, Richard P. Appelbaum
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
The Basics of Social Research (MindTap Course Lis...
Sociology
ISBN:9781305503076
Author:Earl R. Babbie
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Scien...
Sociology
ISBN:9780134477596
Author:Saferstein, Richard
Publisher:PEARSON
Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach (13th Edition)
Sociology
ISBN:9780134205571
Author:James M. Henslin
Publisher:PEARSON
Society: The Basics (14th Edition)
Sociology
ISBN:9780134206325
Author:John J. Macionis
Publisher:PEARSON