PSY 375 Module Five Lab Worksheet Template

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PSY 375 Module Five Lab Worksheet Template Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. All responses to lab questions should be in your own words or paraphrased. Word Superiority Lab Data ● Insert your data in the table below. Stimulus Type Proportion Correct Reaction Time (ms) Word 1.000 972.75 Nonword 0.833 1224.55 ● Insert a screenshot of the lab output below. 1

Lab Questions ● How does the pattern of your individual data relate to the pattern of results predicted? Asserted by Goldstein E. B. (2019), humans possess a remarkable aptitude for recognizing visual patterns. In contrast, even the most advanced computers available today are far from reaching the level of efficiency and precision exhibited by humans in visual target identification. The observed results align with the expected outcome. In the conducted trials, I achieved a notably higher accuracy rate for words compared to nonwords. Furthermore, my response time for identifying words was also quicker than for nonwords. ● What does this lab tell us about reading as a bottom-up or top-down process? What do you think would happen when learning a new language? According to Goldstein E. B. (2019), when we look at something, it creates an image on our retina. This image then generates signals that are sent to the visual receiving area of our brain. This sequence of events is referred to as "bottom-up processing." During my trials, I was exposed to visual information, and my brain had to figure out how to interpret the image. This is where "top-down processing" comes into play. This processing relies on a person's knowledge or expectations and is also known as knowledge-based processing (Goldstein, E. B. 2019). By drawing on what I have learned about words and how letters are typically arranged, I was able to quickly determine whether the presented image was a word or not, without having to read it conventionally. As an adult, I have faced challenges in processing Spanish. Since my oldest is half Mexican, I had to learn a little. The reason for this is because words in Spanish are not spelled or arranged in the same way as in English, making it difficult for me to establish neural pathways for instantly recognizing these new letter patterns. If I had been exposed to multiple languages during childhood, I wouldn't have any prior context to rely on and would have effortlessly absorbed the new information like a sponge. 2

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Lexical Decision Lab Data ● Insert your data in the table below. Condition Reaction Time (ms) Associated 651.125 Unassociated 737.500 Nonword 918.625 ● Insert a screenshot of the lab output below. 4

Lab Questions ● How does the pattern of your individual data relate to the pattern of results predicted? Based on the hypothesis, it is expected that participants will exhibit quicker response times when encountering words that have a semantic connection to the previously presented word (Goldstein, 2019). In line with this expectation, my own results align with the predicted pattern, as my fastest response times were observed for associated words followed by unrelated words. On the other hand, my response time for nonwords was the longest among the three conditions. ● What does this lab suggest in the role of top-down processing when reading? What does it reveal about a “web of concepts”? The concept of "top-down processing" is crucial in the lexical decision trials. This process relies on an individual's stored knowledge of information, such as words, their meaning, and the associations we make with those words. When a word is followed by another word with a similar meaning, lexical priming occurs. This idea of a "web of concepts" explains how we interpret and understand language by considering various aspects, including visual and auditory cues, our mental dictionary, and how we associate words with actions, feelings, situations, and other words. Module Question ● These labs are all about recognizing elements of your language quickly and accurately. We tend to think of reading as a passive skill because it’s automatized. What do you think these labs tell us about what needs to happen for artificial intelligence (think Alexa and Siri) to recognize and process language as quickly and efficiently as we do? What do you think we are still better at doing compared to AI when it comes to language? These labs highlight the importance of quick and accurate recognition of language elements, which is a crucial aspect for artificial intelligence systems like Alexa and Siri to effectively understand and process language. By studying human performance in tasks such as word superiority and lexical decision, researchers can uncover the underlying cognitive processes involved in language recognition. To achieve similar language processing capabilities, AI systems need to possess advanced natural language processing algorithms that can identify and interpret language elements rapidly and accurately. They also need to be trained on vast amounts of linguistic data to understand the various nuances and complexities of human language. However, there are still areas where humans outperform AI in language processing. Like emotional and social intelligence (Lang, 2021). While AI has made advancements in sentiment analysis, human language is deeply influenced by emotions and social dynamics. Humans can effortlessly detect and interpret emotional cues, tone of voice, and non-verbal communication, which significantly impacts language understanding. AI systems have limitations in discerning and responding to emotional nuances. 5

Goldstein, E. B. (2019). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience (5th ed.). Cengage Learning Lang, V. (2021). Artificial intelligence. In Apress eBooks (pp. 165–244). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6774-5_4 6

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