PSY 375 Module Two Lab Worksheet Template

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Psychology

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Jan 9, 2024

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PSY 375 Module Two Lab Worksheet Template Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. All responses to lab questions should be in your own words or paraphrased. Change Detection Lab Data ● Insert your data in the table below. Proportion Correct for No Flicker: 0.875 Reaction Time (ms) to No Flicker: 5144.25 Proportion Correct for Flicker: 0.75 Reaction Time (ms) to Flicker: 5928.75 ● Insert a screenshot of the lab output below. Lab Questions 1

● How does the pattern of your individual data relate to the pattern of results predicted? Hint: See the lab introduction, the predicted results that come with your output, and the text. My performance on the test improved when there was no flicker. The presence of flicker made it significantly more difficult for me to detect changes in the image. The pattern of my personal data aligns with the predicted outcome, as it was anticipated that reaction time would be better without the flicker. ● How did the gray field (the flicker) affect your proportion correct and RT? Why does the gray field tend to negatively affect accuracy and RT? Why are we measuring both RT and accuracy? What does this tell you about how different people approach a task like this? Considering that people respond to stimuli in various ways, it is plausible that the flicker had a positive impact on their decision-making abilities. I had a negative reaction to the flickering grey field because I was anticipating a change, however, my attention was diverted by the flickering grey area. To determine if our minds detected the change in the grey area, we calculate accuracy. Additionally, we measure reaction time to assess how swiftly our brains acknowledged the correct responses. ● What implications does this experiment on change blindness and flickers have regarding real-world situations? Try to describe a specific sort of real-world situation: What would be the flicker in your example? Ensure that your example is your own, rather than one from course materials. This test serves as a demonstration of the cognitive perspective, shedding light on how situations can swiftly and unexpectedly transform. Specifically, while driving, real-life scenarios unfold rapidly, exemplifying the cognitive viewpoint. Many individuals remain oblivious to the rapid shifts in their surroundings when engaging in texting while driving. At times, the road may appear clear, only for something to suddenly emerge while being occupied with their phone. Consequently, evasive maneuvers such as braking and swerving become necessary to avoid colliding with what appeared or took place. Moreover, if another vehicle enters the adjacent lane, this further complicates the equation. Hence, undertaking this test leads us to comprehend that human reaction time may not always be sufficiently prompt in thwarting accidents. Simon Effect Lab Data ● Insert your data in the table below. 2

Condition Reaction Time (ms) Consistent 637.460 Inconsistent 613.840 ● Insert a screenshot of the lab output below. Lab Questions ● How does the pattern of your individual data relate to the pattern of results predicted? I personally found these anticipated findings highly relatable, as I also experienced faster responses when dealing with squares of matching colors on the same side as their corresponding button. As stated by Goldstein (2019), the Simon Effect is characterized by variations in response times. It is anticipated that individuals will exhibit quicker reactions when the color of the stimulus aligns with the location of the corresponding button. 3

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● Identify the independent and dependent variables in this lab. The starting position on the screen and the designated locations for clicking represent the independent variables in our study. The changing location and color of the colored square serve as the dependent variable. It is important to note that the fixation point and answer key location remain constant throughout every trial. Spatial Cueing Lab Data ● Insert your data in the table below. Mean Response Time Condition Reaction Time (ms) Valid 346.344 Neutral 337.000 Invalid 411.625 ● Insert a screenshot of the lab output below. 4

Lab Questions ● Did your individual results match the predicted results? If so, how so? If not, why not? During experiment, I observed that the results were fairly consistent with what I anticipated. I did observe a small enhancement in my response time when the target stimulus and response button/key were on the same side (congruent condition), in comparison to when they were on opposite sides (incongruent condition). ● If the spotlight model is false, what should your results have looked like, assuming you could pay attention to everything on the screen? If the spotlight model is false and attentional resources are unlimited, it suggests that individuals have the ability to allocate their attention equally and simultaneously to all stimuli present on their screen or in their surroundings. I expected my results to align with the prediction, but I was taken aback by how much slower my response times were compared to the statistical data. ● How could we apply the concept of invalid cues in a specific real-world situation, for example, “faking someone out” while playing a particular sport or game? Feel free to make up your own example or elaborate on one above. What would be the invalid cue in your example? One real-world situation where the concept of invalid cues could be applied is the game of basketball, particularly during free throw attempts. In this scenario, the invalid cue could be utilized by the defensive team to try and distract the player taking the free throw, affecting their focus, and decreasing their chances of scoring. For example, imagine a crucial basketball game in the final seconds of overtime, where the offensive team is down by one point and has been awarded two free throws. The defensive team, aware of the pressure, attempts to "fake out" the shooter by providing an invalid cue. In this case, the invalid cue could be one of the opposing players shouting a loud, unrelated phrase or making an exaggerated movement at the exact moment the shooter releases the ball. By introducing this unexpected and irrelevant cue, the defensive team aims to distract the shooter, disrupt their routine, and increase the 5

chances of missing the shot. The invalid cue in this example would be the unrelated phrase or exaggerated movement, as it provides no meaningful information to the shooter regarding the shot itself. Utilizing such invalid cues can be an effective strategy as it manipulates the shooter's attention and focus, causing them to momentarily lose concentration and potentially miss the shot. Stroop Effect Lab Data ● Insert your data in the table below. Mean Reaction Time Same (ms): 755.833 Mean Reaction Time Different (ms): 935.667 ● Insert a screenshot of the lab output below. Lab Questions 6

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● Did your individual results match the predicted results? If so, how? If not, why not? The lab predictions suggest that the Stroop effect suggests that individuals are quicker at identifying the color of a font when the word name and font color match, but slower when they do not. However, my results do not support this notion. Contrary to the expectations, my findings demonstrate that I am actually faster at identifying the font color when the word name and font color differ. This deviation from the expected outcome can be attributed to the phenomenon of our minds becoming automated when it comes to reading. ● Identify the independent and dependent variables in this demonstration. During this experiment, the focus was on the relationship between the word's name and its font color, specifically whether they matched or differed. The response time, which measures the duration between the appearance of the stimulus and the participant's reaction, served as the dependent variable. 7

Module Question Consider the role of new research in advancing the field of cognitive psychology. Applying research to new populations or taking a specific research methodology and applying it in a new way are strategies that can be used to develop new research questions and keep the field growing and evolving. As an example, clinical psychologists have applied the Stroop effect to the study of emotion. An emotional Stroop test involves measuring reaction time in naming the font color of words, but words are either emotionally neutral (like tree or plate ) or emotional ( murder or death ). People with certain mental health issues, like major depression, show a more pronounced emotional Stroop effect. ● Can you think of a different way to apply the Stroop test? One way to apply the Stroop test in a different way could be to study its effects on decision making. Instead of using emotionally charged words, the test could involve presenting conflicting information or scenarios and measuring the participant's reaction time in making decisions or judgments. For example, words or images could be presented that contradict each other (e.g., the word "hot" written in blue font color) and participants would be asked to make a decision based on the conflicting information. This could provide insights into cognitive processes involved in decision making and the potential influence of interference on decision accuracy and speed. Goldstein, E. B. (2019). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, (5th Ed.). Cengage 8

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