PSY222_Module_Four_Activity

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1 Module Four Activity Meche Flowers Southern New Hampshire University PSY 222: Research Methods in Psychology Jeffery McCarthy February 12, 2024

2 Module Four Activity Research Study: Do Workplace Wellness Programs Reduce Medical Costs? Evidence From a Fortune 500 Company 1. Summarize the research study’s purpose . Your response should be about 25 to 50 words. The purpose of the research study titled Do Workplace Wellness Programs Reduce Medical Costs? Evidence From a Fortune 500 Company is to evaluate if data taken from 2002 to 2007 about Pepsi company's self-insured members and the effect of its wellness program on medical costs and utilization. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 2. Describe the relevance of the publication dates of the citations referenced for the research study. Your response should be about 25 to 50 words. Consider the following:  Are some of those cited sources recent (relevant to date of publication)? It states in the abstract that the study was to evaluate data taken from 2002 to 2007 and from the looks of the citations, I don't see that many of them go past 2013. So depending on how you look at recent, I would say that they are recent in my personal opinion because they all happen within a decade and they also are all less than 30 years ago, and when collecting data and looking at the facts over a period of time, I would say 30 years is recent for the most part, especially considering this study involves the affordable care act which all Americans are still impacted by in one way or another and that impact is considered recent for most of us. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 3. Identify the type of claim the research study makes. Explain your response. Your response should be about 25 to 50 words. Consider the following:  Is the claim frequency based, association based, or causal? This study is association based because they are analyzing members who have at least two baseline years of participation and this means they are analyzing the association of some type of group, program or otherwise. This study is to find out if workplace wellness programs reduce medical costs and upon diving deeper, we gain the understanding that this is analyzed based on a two-year baseline therefore members that we researched had to be associated with the particular wellness program for two years. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 4. Describe the research method used in the research study. Your response should be about 25 to 50 words. Consider the following:  Is the research method qualitative, quantitative, or mixed?

3 I feel like the research study Do Workplace Wellness Programs Reduce Medical Costs? Evidence From a Fortune 500 Company is kind of a mixed research method both containing qualitative and quantitative research. I say this because the study does dive kind of deep into trying to answer a specific question about the company Pepsi and if its workplace wellness programs have any effects on costs and utilization. This is what I would consider a specific question but after reading the research I've also discovered that they were able to crunch the numbers and retrieve several broader generalizations therefore this research is a mixed method containing both qualitative and quantitative research. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 5. Describe the research study’s data collection method. Your response should be about 50 to 100 words. Consider the following:  Possibilities for data collection include surveys, observations, interviews, archive review, objective or biological measures, or some combination of those listed. The research study Do Workplace Wellness Programs Reduce Medical Costs? Evidence From a Fortune 500 Company contains several data collection methods. I noticed a mention of surveys being used hence the data they included in some of the tables at the end of their research paper. They also conducted several interviews with those who fell into the participant baseline indicated within the study. I think they also used observations which tied into the archive review, they had to make specific observations based on the archives they reviewed to answer their specific question/purpose for the research study. They specifically stated that it would be almost impossible to do the research with the instruments being somewhat biased towards this or that, therefore they say weak instruments can still result in bias and underestimated standard errors. So, in my reading of this research study, I observed several different data collection methods, I observed tables being used that reflected surveys of some sort that they may have utilized, I could tell by some of the research that they conducted interviews and they also used observations but only as part of like an archive review and summary of findings and lastly, they used objective measures because they discussed how weak instruments could potentially result in biased and underestimated standard errors. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 6. Describe the research study’s sample . Your response should be about 50 words. Include the following in your response:  Sample size  Sample characteristics The sample characteristics are displayed in tables at the end of the study, and they are titled as follows: Table 1: Member Characteristics before Propensity Score Matching; Table 2: Member Characteristics after Propensity Score Matching; Table 3: Difference-in- Differences in Costs and Utilization by Program Participation and some of the

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4 characteristics include things like age in years, Baseline year #1 and baseline year #2 with the comorbidities within those baseline years for each male and female employees , average Emergency room visits, breathing scores, Inpatient hospital admissions etc. Also, the characteristics included adjusted and unadjusted outcomes, and the differences within those calculations. The final sample consisted of 7200 program participants and 8101 non-participants who were eligible for the program. 92 percent of participants was matched to non-participants. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 7. Describe one type of statistical analysis conducted in the research study. Your response should be about 25 words. The main analyses focused on the members who had at least one full year of data during the intervention period of 2004-2007. This included members who did not participate in case management and didn't use the nurse advice line. Only a small number of members actually used the nurse advice line and case management, but they were included in the sensitivity analysis, just not the main analysis. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 8. Describe one limitation from the research study. Your response should be about 25 to 50 words. I would say that the main limitation of the study was focused on baseline years and although they included quantative data within a table that showed the percentages and exact figures within one baseline year, the study indicated that the main idea was to include data and do the main study based on two baseline years. I could go on to describe something I also discussed above when I stated that the research study suggests a bit of objectiveness in their data collection method which also aligns with another limitation that the weak instruments could potentially result in biased and underestimated standard errors. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013) 9. Describe how this research study could be used in personal and professional practice . Your response should be about 25 to 50 words. Consider the following:  How can the findings from this study be used by people in their work, in their personal lives, or to help others? The findings of this research study can be used to help employers and employees understand the importance of these workplace wellness programs. It can help them to understand the reasoning behind the affordable care act, by providing specific data placed within tables and such. It allows for employers to apply for small grants when offering these programs to their employees that way they don't basically go in the whole providing their employees with health insurance because we all know how

5 expensive it is, imagine being a small business just getting up and running and just now seeing profit but all that profit is doing is paying for your employees health insurance, if you can't make a profit and have help then what exactly is the point in being an entrepreneur right? Additionally, employers will be able to get there employees involved and excited about getting enrolled in a workplace wellness program because the employer will now also be allowed to offer incentives to help their employees pay for these wellness programs. According to this study, more research is needed to come up with a robust conclusion that these workplace wellness programs do actually improve our health and reduce our medical costs. But it does provide some evidence that supports the employers in getting their employees on board with it all as well as the employers getting themselves on board because let's face the facts, they get a win-win in this scenario. (Mattke, Harris, Weinberger, Serxner, Caloyeras, Exum, 2013)

6 References Liu, H., Mattke, S., Harris, K. M., Weinberger, S., Serxner, S., Caloyeras, J. P., & Exum, E. (2013, May). Do workplace wellness programs reduce medical costs? Evidence from a Fortune 500 company. Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing , 50 (2), 150+. https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A364089515/GBIB? u=nhc_main&sid=bookmark-GBIB&xid=0674b495

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