Case Analysis Outline

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Dawn 1 Case Analysis Outline: Marilyn Monroe Bethany Dawn Regent University PSYC 400: Abnormal Psychology Dr. Madison Simons January 29, 2023

Dawn 2 Case Analysis Outline: Marilyn Monroe 1. Intro a. Thesis: Marilyn Monroe may have been at risk for developing borderline personality disorder due to her traumatic childhood, erratic behavior, and self- destructive lifestyle. 2. Developmental History of Marilyn Monroe a. Biographical/demographic Information i. Original/birth Name: 1. Norma Jeane Mortensen also called Norma Jeane Baker a. Harding, 2012 ii. Sex: Female iii. Race: Hispanic mother, mixed with white father supposedly; Mexican American 1. Donnelley, 2001 iv. DOB: June 1, 1926 1. Harding, 2012 v. Birth Place: Charity Ward of the Los Angeles Central Hospital, CA a. Harding, 2012 vi. Education: 1. Emerson Junior High School in September 1939 2. Van Nuys High School in September 1941, but dropped out of the tenth grade. 3. Marilyn spent her days at Fox taking dancing, singing and pantomime classes 4. Karger gave her valuable voice coaching and wardrobe advice 5. Columbia’s head drama coach, Natasha Lytess, was asked to help Marilyn with her acting technique 6. Marilyn had begun a romance with playwright Arthur Miller and began attending classes at the famed Actors Studio in New York. 7. Natasha Lytess, her devoted acting coach, was out and Lee and Paula Strasberg were in. a. Harding, 2012 vii. Famous for what: modeling and actress 1. 1945 August 2—Norma Jeane joins the Blue Book Modeling Agency 2. 1946 July 24—Twentieth Century–Fox changes Norma Jeane’s name to Marilyn Monroe and signs her to a six- month contract. 3. 1947 January—Contract with Twentieth Century– Fox is extended for six months 4. 1949 May 27—For $50 Marilyn poses for what would become the most famous nude calendar of all time 5. 1962 March 5—Marilyn is awarded a Golden Globe award as “World’s Film Favorite 1961.” a. Harding, 2012

Dawn 3 viii. In 1952 two momentous incidents occurred: the story of her nude calendar pose became public on 13 March; and she was cast as the unfaithful wife Rose Loomis in Niagara (1953), the film that was to make her a star. 1. Donnelley, 2001 ix. Relationship status: 1. 1942 June 19—At age 16, Norma Jeane marries a neighbor, James Dougherty; 1946 June—She files for divorce from James Dougherty; 1946 September 13—Marilyn’s petition for divorce from James Dougherty is granted. 2. 1952 October 4—Allegedly marries Robert Slatzer (the marriage is said to have lasted for three days). 3. In the summer of 1952 Marilyn began seeing the legendary baseball player Joe DiMaggio; 1954 January 14—Marries Joe DiMaggio in San Francisco; 1954 October 27—Files for divorce from Joe DiMaggio on the grounds of mental cruelty; 1955 November 1—Divorce granted from Joe DiMaggio 4. 1955 January- February—Begins a relationship with Arthur Miller; 1956 June 29—Marries Arthur Miller in a civil ceremony; 1956 July 1—Marries Arthur Miller in a Jewish ceremony 5. 1960 February - begins affair with co- star Yves Montand. 6. 1960 November 10—Marilyn announces that her marriage to Arthur Miller is over; 1961 January 20—Divorce from Arthur Miller becomes final a. Harding, 2012 x. DOD: august 5, 1962 xi. Causes of death: suicide, overdosed on sleeping medication b. Psychological i. Temperament: 1. All over the place due to her disorder. 2. Difficult to work with, would say one thing to someone then turn around and contradict herself by saying the opposite to someone else… “as mean as a six-year-old girl” a. Donnelley, 2001 (pg 10) 3. Had an attitude and a bad behavior on sets, was “ill”, late, or never showed up for her scenes, she was inconsistent and unreliable a. Donnelley, 2001 (pg 11-12) 4. Mainly sanguine: fun loving, confident, cocky, arrogant, indulgent, day-dreamers, off task often, acts on whims 5. And melancholic: ponderer, highly creative, pre-occupied with tragedy- depressed, perfectionists, loners 6. She had mood swings, she was fun loving to the world, but personally, she was needy, impulsive, and fits of emotions ii. Intelligence: 1. Monroe only had a 10 th grade education before dropping out; it has been suggested that she had a stutter and was dyslexic; all of those

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Dawn 4 combined would make it difficult for her to learn and process information 2. “Monroe’s intellect became a divisive issue. She had quit high school to marry Dougherty, her first husband, and struggled with her lack of knowledge about the world throughout her life. She tried to remedy it, signing up for art classes that introduced her to Michelangelo, Raphael, and Tintoretto, and collection books by Milton, Dostoevsky, Hemingway, and Kerouac. She cultivated a friendship with poet and historian Carl Sandburg and delved into his six-volume biography of Abraham Lincoln. She talked about admiring Eleanor Roosevelt and Greta Garbo. She even sent a telegram to playwright and novelist Somerset Maugham, wishing him a happy birthday. But soon after marrying Miller, Monroe found an entry in his diary expressing his disappointment in her and suggesting that he was sometimes embarrassed by her in front of his intellectual friends.” a. Kalb, 2016 iii. Emotional Life: 1. Definitely emotional, mood swings, perfectionist caused anger, annoyance, and sadness 2. Wanted to live up to the public’s ideals, but personally was sad, needy, and lonely 3. Had abandonment issues, may have been sexually abused as a child, domestic violence and abuse was alluded to in her marriages, mentally unstable throughout her life 4. Multiple mental breakdowns, had a psychiatrist, and was eventually admitted to a mental hospital a. Harding and Donnelly 5. Suffers multiple miscarriages and abortions even though she wanted to be a mother; possible medical condition in being able to have children; these are mentally taxing and causes distress 6. 1956 august—Becomes pregnant but suffers a miscarriage; 1957 august 1—Tubal pregnancy is terminated; 1957 October—Marilyn becomes pregnant; 1957 December 17—Marilyn suffers another miscarriage; 1959 June—Marilyn undergoes surgery to facilitate pregnancy a. Harding, 2012 iv. Spiritual Life: 1. little to none – possible bits of Christianity 2. foster family, very religious – religious fundamentalists a. Donnelley, 2001 3. Grace’s aunt. Ana Lower was a Christian scientist, which became her strongest religious influence a. Harding, 2012 c. Social life

Dawn 5 i. Family Dynamics: mentally ill mother and supposedly other family relatives, gets put in orphanages and foster homes, and Grace is legal gradian, still gets moved around 1. 1926, 1: born to Gladys Baker 2. 1926, 11: is placed with the Bollenders, a foster family 3. October 1933—January 1934—Norma Jeane briefly moves in with her mother, Gladys Baker. 4. 1934, January: lives with English family the Atkinsons, while Gladys is put into mental hospital 5. 1934, June 1: Family friend Grace McKee becomes Norma Jeane’s legal guardian on her eighth birthday. 6. Late 1934—Early 1935—Norma Jeane lives with the Giffens, a foster family 7. 1935 September 13—Grace McKee places Norma Jeane in the orphanage of the Los Angeles Orphans Society. 8. 1937 June 26—Norma Jeane leaves orphanage to live with Grace McKee 9. 1937 June 1937—Early 1938—Norma Jeane lives with two foster families. 10. 1938 January or February—After marrying Erwin “Doc” Goddard, Grace McKee takes Norma Jeane to live with her 11. 1938 November—Norma Jeane moves in with family friend, “Aunt” Ana Lower. 12. 1942 June 19—At age 16, Norma Jeane marries a neighbor, James Dougherty 13. Three failed marriages with multiple miscarriages and abortions a. Harding, 2012 ii. Socioeconomic Status: lower class, moved up as career took off 1. Mother was in lower class, had little money, saved up enough to put down payment on a house 2. Marilyn Monroe started off with probably lower class, once marrying first husband, moving on with her career she started out at a defense warehouse, lower class, started modeling and actress, lower class moving up to middle class/ higher class a. Harding, 2012 iii. Significant Interpersonal Relationships: 1. Mother – mentally ill 2. No father – suspected Charles Stanley Gifford, Mortensen’s shift foreman at Consolidated Film Industries 3. Multiple foster care parents and orphanage workers a. Foster parents – Bollenders i. Mother paid $5/wk to keep her and visited on weekends b. Foster parents- Giffens 4. Mother’s friend Grace McKee 5. Grace’s Aunt – Ana Lower

Dawn 6 6. All husbands a. 1 st - James Dougherty b. 2 nd - Joe DiMaggio c. 3 rd - Arthur Miller 7. befriends Joseph M. Schenck older gentleman friend 8. Natasha Lytess who becomes her personal drama coach 9. Meets agent Johnny Hyde who offers to promote her 10. Marilyn meets future business partner Milton Greene. a. Harding, 2012 d. Cultural, historical, & religious context i. Cultural: the rise in national Hollywood celebrities, shift and rise in entertainment ii. 1940s-1950s iii. Historical context: fast economic and industrial growth, more money = more entertainment iv. Spiritual: USA: half of citizens were going to church 1. Marilyn had some religious beliefs but they didn’t dictate her life 3. Diagnosis and Etiology of Mental Illness a. DSM-5 work-up for Marilyn i. Borderline Personality Disorder : A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. a. Constantly in a relationship, marriage, or affair b. Drug use c. self-harm 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. a. When finding out what her husband Arthur Miller thought about her intelligence, she immediately had resentment towards him … “Monroe’s pattern in relationships was to experience exaltation initially and then defeat, because nobody could live up to her needs” i. Kalb, 2016 (pg 28-29) b. Happy honeymoon turns into domestic violence and court battles for baseball husband #2 c. “all of this played out in Monroe’s relationships, which were markedly intense and unstable. People with borderline personality disorder demand constant attention and reassurance, wearing out the people they turn to for support. … None of Marilyn Monroe’s three marriages lasted.” i. Kalb, 2016 d. Loves then hates fellow actors and actresses (co-workers)

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Dawn 7 3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. a. Often saw herself as two people, poor child – Norma Jeane, and the woman- Marilyn Monroe that everyone loved b. Feels like she’s a Chameleon she changes who she is based on her circumstances and what she thinks others want from her…. “This was the thrust of Marilyn Monroe’s life. As a child, she was forced to adjust to new family surroundings; on screen, she took on multiple identities; in the public spotlight, she played the seductress everyone wanted to see.” i. Kalb, 2016 c. “Monroe struggled with this [identity disturbance] duality throughout her life: the child, Norma Jeane; the woman, Marilyn Monroe. She often felt the presence of her younger self peering out from the grown woman.” i. Kalb, 2016 d. “people who have PBD don’t do well adapting to new situations or, for that matter, changing their behavior.” i. Kalb, 2016 4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging. a. Substance abuse b. Sex (marriages, divorces, affairs) 5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior. a. Self-mutilation b. Self-harm c. Substance abuse d. Overdoses 6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood. a. Irritability with others, career, marriages, life b. Dysphoria c. Anxiety?? 7. Chronic feelings of emptiness. a. a sense of nothingness and numbness that reflects a feeling of disconnection from both self and others. It is associated with feelings of unfulfillment and purposelessness. b. “For Monroe, it was a deep loneliness and feelings of abandonment. “As I grew older, I knew I was different from other children because there were no kisses or promises in my life. I often felt lonely and wanted to die,” she wrote. This profound emptiness is classic in borderline patients, who frequently report fearing abandonment, feeling hollow, and being uncertain of who they are.” i. Kalb, 2016 8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger.

Dawn 8 a. If she had fits of anger and rage, it is not mentioned in the research that I have been doing, may find it later 9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms. a. Especially throughout her childhood, she had thoughts that she was a poor nobody that no one cared about which would continue throughout her life i. Kalb, 2016 10. American Psychiatric Association, 2013; (**this is for the DSM-5 9 points**) ii. “Her symptoms included a feeling of emptiness, a split or confused identity, extreme emotional volatility, unstable relationships, and an impulsivity that drove her to drug addiction and suicide - all textbook characteristics of a condition called borderline personality disorder," Kalb explains. 1. Kalb, 2016 b. Identify medical diagnoses, psychosocial, and contextual/environmental factors that can factor into the individual’s mental disorder. i. Dr. Ralph Greenson was her main psychiatrist ii. She may have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder iii. Her childhood – abandonment, orphanages, foster homes, and mentally ill mother, no father iv. Terrible marriage life from all three marriages, and having failed pregnancies and abortions v. Spotlight and career, fans loved her, lights being center of attention, she became a sex icon, making perfectionism to be worse, causing self-image to lower even more, impulsivity, suicidal vi. Environmental stress of being in the spotlight of Hollywood 1. Harding, 2015 and Donnelly, 2011 c. Discuss the different possible causes (i.e., etiology) of the individual’s disorder using at least 2 (biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic) perspectives. In your evaluation, what do you believe is the etiology of the individual’s disorder? Why? i. Cognitive : the behavioral perspective because people often behave in ways that have little to do with reinforcement the behavioral perspective because people often behave in ways that have little to do with reinforcement; The cognitive perspective instead suggests that emotions and behavior are influenced by how we perceive and think about our present and past experiences ii. Psychodynamic : One basic principle is that childhood experiences shape adult personality. The belief that childhood development influences adult behavior is almost universally accepted.; focuses on internal structures but mental ones rather than physical; A second key principle of the psychodynamic perspective is that causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious but partly unconscious. Unconscious means the part of the mind where mental activity occurs but of which a person is un-aware

Dawn 9 1. From textbook 2. Info found also in the BPD resources d. Identify religious factors that may influence mental health condition i. Had some religion in her background but did not live her life within religious bounds 4. Conclusion with Critical Reflection a. Drawing on your work here, on class discussions and readings, and your own opinions and experiences, write a reflective summary about the relationship between mental illness, spirituality, and historical context. i. Can mental illness enhance spirituality? 1. I think by trusting in God, one’s own faith can grow when being diagnosed with a mental illness ii. Does mental illness depend on cultural norms? 1. Yes and no, mental illnesses can be caused by biological reasons. These reasons are part of brain functions that most people cannot control. Mental illnesses can also be influenced by one’s environment, therefore, the culture that one lives in can influence one’s illness. iii. What are the implications for how we should treat (or not treat) the “mentally ill”? 1. We should treat them with respect and dignity like we should treat everyone else. They are human beings made by God, and we should honor and respect that while helping them understand and overcome their illness. iv. What have been your personal responses to writing this paper (i.e., what have you learned?)? 1. I have learned a lot of interesting things about Marilyn Monroe that I had not known before, as well as, many facts about borderline personality disorder. I have increased my knowledge on the disorder, how it affects individuals, and how it can be treated. b. Restatement of thesis:

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Dawn 10 References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Donnelley, P. (2000). Marilyn Monroe . Pocket Essentials. Fernández-Cabana, M., García-Caballero, A., Alves-Pérez, M. T., García-García, M. J., & Mateos, R. (2012). Suicidal Traits in Marilyn Monroe’s Fragments: An LIWC Analysis . Crisis : the Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 34(2), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000183 Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). The Development of Borderline Personality Disorder—A Mentalizing Model. Journal of Personality Disorders , 22(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2008.22.1.4 FREDERIKSEN, C., SOLBAKKEN, O. A., LICHT, R. W., JØRGENSEN, C. R., RODRIGO‐ DOMINGO, M., & KJAERSDAM TELLÉUS, G. (2021). Emotional dysfunction in avoidant personality disorder and borderline personality disorder: A cross‐sectional comparative study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62 (6), 878–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12771 Harding, L. (2012). They knew Marilyn Monroe famous persons in the life of the Hollywood icon . McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kalb, C. (2016). Andy Warhol Was a Hoarder: Inside the Minds of History's Great Personalities. United States: National Geographic Society. Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. The Lancet (British Edition), 377(9759), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(10)61422-5 Russell, L. (2022). Marilyn Monroe: The star's 'serious mental illness' explained . Express.co.uk. Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/1647529/marilyn-monroe-health-borderline- personality-disorder-symptoms-treatment  There were three components of the primary outcome: 1. suicidal acts, 2. in- patient psychiatric hospitalization, and 3. accident and emergency attendance. A suicidal act was recorded using the Acts of Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Davidson, 2000) and needed to fulfill all three of the following criteria: 1. deliberate, 2. life threatening, and 3. the act resulted in medical intervention or intervention would have been warranted.  Acts of self-mutilation needed to satisfy the following criteria: 1. not a suicidal act as defined above, 2. deliberate (i.e., the act could not be construed as an accident and that the individual accepts ownership of the act, and 3. results in potential or actual tissue damage. o Davidson  The capacity to understand self and others as being guided by aims and intentions is considered to be a key developmental achievement and the

Dawn 11 disruption of this is seen to be a major aspect in the psychopathology of BPD. The most important cause of such disruption is psychological trauma early or late in childhood which undermines the capacity to think about mental states or the ability to give narrative accounts of one's past relationships. o Fonagy  Borderline personality disorder is a common mental disorder associated with high rates of suicide, severe functional impairment, high rates of comorbid mental disorders, intensive use of treatment, and high costs to society. o Leichsenring  Emotional dysfunction is inevitably associated with personality disorder (PD; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), and understanding the nature of such difficulties is crucial in treatment  In this process, our emotional life gradually organizes and becomes automatized in patterns or scripts for experiencing, comprehending, and expressing one’s affective reactions o Frederiksen  It is not surprising that an increase in the use of negative emotions could be related to depression (Rude, Gortner, & Pennebaker, 2004) and therefore also be related to suicide in many cases. But this is not necessarily true in impulsive suicides where features such as depression and hopelessness are less marked  The decrease in the use of negative emotion words found in our analysis of Fragments is not expected in depressive patients, but it is arguable that the linguistic pattern associated with a low intentionality suicide should be different from that of a depressive suicide in which there is usually a higher degree of intentionality. Depression is related to suicide, though not all suicidal individuals are clinically depressed, and it is therefore important to refine the inquiry for linguistic features stressing the differences in suicidal typology o Fernández-Cabana 

Case Analysis Outline

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