Understanding Cognitive and Psychosexual Development Theories

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Herzing University *

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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1. Choose 2 of the following Theorists and describe their theory on what should be seen in children around Sawyer’s age. o Piaget According to Kendra Cherry (2023) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. Piaget's stages are:  Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years  Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7  Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11  Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Sawyer would be in the Preoperational stage. In this stage children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects, tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others, are getting better with language and thinking but still tend to think in very concrete terms. o Freud According to Saul Mcleod (2023) Freud's theory of psychosexual development proposes that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by a specific kind of conflict and an erogenous zone . During each stage, sexual energy (libido) is expressed in different ways and through different parts of the body. The five stages are:  Oral stage  Anal stage  Phallic stage  Latency stage  Genital stage According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development Sawyer would be in the Phallic stage. In this stage children become more aware of their own bodies, showing more interest in their own genitals and those of the opposite sex. This sparks a mixture of emotions (erotic attraction, rivalry, jealousy, resentment, and fear) also known as the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls. This period of conflict is resolved through identification, where children start adopting the characteristics of their same-sex parent.

2. During this routine visit, what important growth and development concerns require assessment and education? Discuss priorities for each. The preschool period is the period between 3 and 6 years of age. This is a time of continued growth and development. There are important growth and development concerns during this time that include- Injury- Injury risk (risk factors: extremes of age [curiosity, increased mobility, developmental immaturity] or unsafe mode of transport [car seat and helmet use]). Preschooler safety will be maintained: Preschooler will remain free from injury. Development- Delayed growth and development risk (risk factors: inadequate nutrition, abuse, chronic illness, prematurity, technology dependence, behavioral disorder, or involvement with the foster care system). Development will be enhanced; child will make continued progress toward realization of expected developmental milestones (Herzing University, n.d.). Nutrition- Alteration in nutritional status related to insufficient dietary intake (excess juice or milk intake, inadequate food variety intake) as evidenced by failure to attain adequate increases in height and weight over time. Child will consume adequate nutrients; child will demonstrate weight gain and increases in height (Herzing University, n.d.). Growth- Overweight risk (risk factors: portion sizes larger than recommended [excess milk or juice intake], excess snacking, BMI approaching 85th percentile for age). Child will grow appropriately and not become overweight (achieving BMI within the 5th to 85th percentiles for age on standardized growth charts) (Herzing University, n.d.). Parenting Skill Set- Altered family functioning related to shift in family roles (preschooler illness or hospitalization) as evidenced by change in family satisfaction/assigned tasks/communication pattern or decrease in available emotional support. Parents will provide a safe and nurturing environment for the preschool child; parents will verbalize new skills they will employ in the family (Herzing University, n.d.). 3. During this routine visit, what important safety concerns require assessment and education? Discus priorities for each.  Safety in the car - Children should be in the correct car seat and correctly buckled at all time when riding in a vehicle.  Safety in the home- Handguns, matches, bodies of water, bicycle riding, and poisons continue to be sources of potential injury during the preschool years (Herzing University, n.d.). It is important to educate parents and families on safety precautions used to prevent injury.

 Tobacco Smoke- Due to the risk associated to the child they should never be in an enclosed space (such as a car) where tobacco smoke is present.  Preventing Injury - Injury risk (risk factors: extremes of age [curiosity, increased mobility, developmental immaturity] or unsafe mode of transport [car seat and helmet use]). Preschooler safety will be maintained: Preschooler will remain free from injury.  Preventing Poisoning - The Poison Control Center telephone number should be posted on or near the home phone and parents should be educated on proper ways to store cleaning supplies and medications as well as other potentially harmful substances.  Safety in the Water- Preschoolers should always be supervised while near water. It is important to use proper safety devices while swimming, boating, etc. 4. During this routine visit, what important nutrition concerns require assessment and education? Discuss priorities for each. Alteration in nutritional status related to insufficient dietary intake as evidenced by failure to attain adequate increases in height and weight over time. Promoting Appropriate nutrition includes ensuring proper feeding schedule, limiting juice and milk intake, providing 3 nutrient dense meals and 2 healthy snacks a day. Overweight risk as evidenced by BMI approaching 85th percentile for age, managed by limiting snacking and managing unhealthy eating habits, it is important to have a proper feeding schedule (Herzing University, n.d.). 5. Add a question: After you have analyzed the content from the discussion board, please add a question to the end of your initial post regarding the reading material for the week. Are there questionnaires used in the doctor’s office to screen children at 6 years of age for growth and developmental concerns? References- Herzing University (n.d.) Module 9: Health Promotion and Assessment of the Growing Child and Family. Realizeit. Retrieved from Realizeit for Student (realizeithome.com) Kendra Cherry (October 24, 2023). Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Explained. Verywell mind. Retrieved from Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Explained (verywellmind.com)

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Saul Mcleod (October 19, 2023). Freud’s Psychosexual Theory And 5 Stages of Human Development. SimplyPsychology. Retrieved from Freud's Stages of Human Development: 5 Psychosexual Stages (simplypsychology.org)

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