Milestone 5

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Dec 6, 2023

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PSY 211 Module Five Milestone Template You must address both Part One and Part Two of the template. Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. Part One: Theories at a Glance Table After reviewing the example row, complete the table below to prepare you to complete Project Two. Identify the appropriate perspective(s) that best relate to each theorist by inserting an X under the appropriate perspective column. It is possible that some theorists may apply more than one perspective. Identify the primary theoretical concept(s) of each theorist and provide a brief explanation of the perspective–theorist alignment you identified. Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation Erik Erikson x x Psychosocial Theory. He believed that the individual faces a conflict at each stage, which may or may not be successfully resolved within that stage. The conflicts are trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, and identity vs role confusion. Erikson believed that there was a connection between our patterns of thinking and earlier resolved and unresolved conflicts. Maria Montessori x x She believed that learning could not be taught, that it was a naturally occurring process in human beings. Jean Piaget x x x Theory of Cognitive Development. He believed humans progressed thought four distinct stages: 1
Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation sensorimotor stages (birth to 2), the preoperational stage (2 to 7), the concrete operational stage (7 to 11) and the formal operational stage (11+). Believed that constructing mental schemas using assimilation and accommodation during exploration and interaction with our environment was extremely important. Lev Vygotsky x x Theory of Sociocultural Development. Focused on the idea that humans develop through social interactions with a more knowledgeable person (i.e. parents, teachers, other adults, more knowledgeable peers) through scaffolding and the zone of proximal development. Aaron Beck x x Primary Concepts: Cognitive Therapy Explanation: Beck focused on how negative thoughts and beliefs created negative self-schemas for people with depression. John Watson x Primary Concepts: Behaviorist Theory/Concept of Classical Conditioning Explanation: Stimulus-response behaviors such as those positive and negative emotions and attitudes created because of classical conditioning. Another form of classical conditioning is 2
Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation the development of phobias. B. F. Skinner x x Primary Concepts: Behaviorist Theory/Concept of Operant Conditioning Explanation: Focused on how behaviors could be increased or decreased through negative and positive consequences (i.e. reinforcement or punishment) Mary Ainsworth x x Primary Concepts: Attachment Theory. Explanation: Identified four specific types of attachments (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized) which are established between infant and caregiver and have effects throughout the lifespan. Albert Bandura x x Primary Concepts: Social Learning Theory/ Bobo Doll Experiment Explanation: Focused on the importance of observation, modeling and imitation of behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Also considered how environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence behavior and learning. Kurt Fischer x x x Primary Concepts: Dynamic Skill Theory/ Concept of Explanation: Focused on the degrees of cognitive growth based on the abilities we acquire throughout our lives. 3
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Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation Urie Bronfenbrenner x x Primary Concepts: Ecological Systems Theory Explanation: Focus on how different environmental systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem) impact our development. Part Two: Short-Response Questions Identify a theorist from the Theories at a Glance table, summarize their theory, and explain the aspects of that theory that relate to one of the three perspectives : biological, psychological, or social. Support your answer with a credible source. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory focused on the theory that children, as they age, “experience eight major psychosocial stages” (Sigelman & Rider, 2017, p. 39). These conflicts are trust vs. mistrust (12-18 months), Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months – 3 years), Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years), Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years), Identity vs. Confusion (12 to 18 years), Intimacy vs. Isolation (18- 40 years), Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years), and Integrity vs. Despair (65 years +) (Lewis, 2023). Erikson believed that these stages were essential for children to develop a sense of self (Sigelman & Rider, 2017). For example, in the trust vs. mistrust stage, if an infant is neglected the conflict will not be resolved and they will learn that other people cannot be trusted, however, if caregivers respond to the infant’s needs, they will learn to trust others (Sigelman & Rider, 2017). It is important to note that a lack of resolution to the conflicts can cause various psychological issue to develop (Sigelman & Rider, 2017). Select another theorist from the Theories at a Glance table and explain how their theory applies to your own learning development and lived experience. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory applies the most to my learning development and lived experience. I was raised by my mom and stepfather who were both recovering alcoholics. When I was in high school, they both relapsed. As I got older and began experimenting with alcohol, I started to worry that I might develop an alcohol addiction too. When I turned twenty-one and was legal to drink, I always kept in mind the lifelong issues my mom deals with because of her alcoholism and thankfully I was able to keep myself from going down her path. I can have a few drinks and not feel like I need to drink more. I believe that because I observed these undesirable behaviors and consequences as a child it helped me to learn as an adult. 4
References Lewis, R. (2023, February 8). Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development in plain language . Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/erikson-stages#7-contribution Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E.A. (2017). Life-Span Human Development (9 th edition). Cengage. 5

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