Perceptual Illusions Paper

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PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 1 Perceptual Illusion Experiment and Muller-Lyer Brittany Nichols 1 , Kylah Masterson 1 , Brandi Jade Vasquez 1 , Sherri Santos-Orton 1 , Kimberly Hartman 1 , and Aleahbelle Brown 1 1 Department of Psychological Sciences, Eastern New Mexico University

PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 2 Abstract The Muller-Lyer illusion is a visual illusion designed by German psychologist Franz Carl Muller-Lyer in 1889. This illusion historically makes two lines of the same length appear different by adding either arrow heads or arrow tails to the ends. Research has suggested that there are numerous reasons as to why this misinterpretation occurs, such as types of shapes (curvilinear versus rectangular) viewed daily. In the present study, a Muller-Lyer illusion experiment was conducted. Participants were presented with 24 PowerPoint slides and asked to estimate what percentage shorter or longer the stimulus lines were compared to the standard 100 line, the stimulus lines using a mix of arrowheads and arrow tails. It was predicted that those who use their phones for 5 hours or more daily would perform worse than those who used their phones less. Results of an independent samples t -test indicated that t( 26) = 0.826, p = .416, showing that there is a significant difference in the accuracy between groups. This study relates to the real world as those who frequently use their phones are often exposed to less 3D images than those who record less screen time. By spending less time using a phone one can take in the 3D shapes existing in the real world. Through the phone screen most shapes are 2D and do not have the same tangibility as in the real world. In future studies, more research into variations of line/stimulus design would be explored, along with including a larger and more representative sample size. Keywords: Muller-Lyer illusion, misinterpretation, independent samples t-test, accuracy, 3D

PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 3 Perceptual Illusion Experiment and Muller-Lyer Perceptual illusions are designed to distort the senses and cause a misinterpretation of its actual nature. Visual illusions are some of the most common illusions. The Muller-Lyer illusion is a well-known visual illusion where two lines of the same length appear to be different because of the arrows attached to the ends of the lines. It was first created by German psychologist Franz Carl Muller-Lyer in 1889. Research into this illusion has found that different cultures and races have distinct performance differences in Muller-Lyer illusion experiments. In studies that compared how Westernized societies and non-Westernized societies performed in the Muller- Lyer experiment, non-Westernized societies were shown to generally be less influenced by the illusion, this was demonstrated particularly in African societies (Pedersen & Wheeler, 1983). An explanation for the difference lies in the shapes that we see around us in everyday life. In Western cultures, buildings are structured to be straighter and more rectangular, while other societies like the Native American ones live in rounder houses. Studies find that those who have more exposure to curvilinear shapes are less affected by the Muller-Lyer illusion, while those who see more rectangular shapes fare worse. Humans preserve the relative similarities and differences among physical objects in the 3D world to aid perception (Howe & Purves, 2004). Former explanations for the Muller-Lyer illusion include the eye-movement theory and the assimilation theory. The eye-movement theory asserted that the misperception is caused by different eye movements needed to see lines with arrow tails versus lines with arrowheads. Assimilation theory argues that humans cannot visually separate parts from wholes, making arrow tail lines seem longer because the entire shape is longer (Howe & Purves, 2004). However, both theories were dismissed as they were shown to have been contradicted by other evidence. Predictions

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PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 4 In this study, participants were presented with 24 PowerPoint slides of a Muller-Lyer illusion. Half of the slides were the same length as the standard 100 and the other half were either shorter or longer. Participants were asked to record what percentage shorter or longer the stimulus line was compared to the standard 100, they were also additionally asked to report their average daily hours of phone use. After gathering the data an independent sample t -test was conducted. This was in order to support our hypothesis that participants with higher daily hours of phone use would perform worse than those with lower phone usage. Method Participants The present study used 31 participants, 16 males and 17 females, ranging in age from 12- 61 ( M =29, SD =13.1322), in the research study and was comprised of a convenience sample of individuals put together by the administrators. The two groups of participants were represented by a sampling of both sex, races (African American, white, Hispanic, and Pacific Islander), and age groups that vary between 18 and 65, with some exceptions. These participants were exposed to a slide show depicting images of a standard versus stimulus line. The participants were measured on their ability to determine what percentage of the standard line that the stimulus line represents in ranges of 5%-95% and 105%-190% respectively. Participants provided their informed consent before involvement with the study and were not compensated for their participation. Student participation from Introduction to Psychology courses will allow for partial course credit for their continued involvement in the study. Research sessions lasted approximately 10 minutes. Materials and Apparatus

PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 5 A slide show was created by the administrators in order to reflect standard and stimulus lines. The participant was required to view each of the 24 slides in the PowerPoint presentation and determine what percentage the stimulus line shown in the slide was in relation to the standard line. The standard line was always considered 100%. Once the results were gathered in full, the administrators compiled the data and analyzed the results. To successfully complete this experiment, the following was required by the administrators: a functional device to view the PowerPoint presentation, access to Microsoft Word, and an informed consent form. Procedure A group of participants that totaled 31 individuals, were selected through convenience sampling by the administrators. After providing explicit consent to participate in the experiment, the individuals were set up to view a slide show. Before the slide show was presented, the participant was required to provide an average number of hours that they each spent on their mobile phones and whether they were required to utilize corrective lenses. The participant was required to open a Microsoft Word document and notate numbers 1 through 24. After each slide was shown, the participant was asked to provide a percentage next to each slide number. The percentages were reflective of what the participant though the difference was between the stimulus and standard line. After all the participants were scored, the cumulative results were compiled and analyzed. Results The reader will recall that the hypothesis in this study was that people who use their phone more (5+ hours) throughout the day (M = .9345, SD = .03800) would do worse in perceptual illusion than people who use their phone ( M = .9438, SD = .02050) less . An

PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 6 independent sample t test revealed t ( 26) = 0.826, p = .416. From the two groups an average was also received, see figure 1. Figure 1. Averages of group one five hours or less of phone usage, group two 6 or more hours of phone usage. Discussion The data gathered showed that the participants who utilize their phones more performed worse than the individuals who used their phones less. The averages for group are higher, although not significantly higher, than group two as shown in Figure 1. Group one consisted of participants that were on their phones for five hours or less. This first group displayed a higher observational accuracy when it came to the Muller line illusions. However, group two, which consisted of participants that were on their phones for six hours or more, performed poorly overall in the experiment. These results apply to the real world by showing that a person who spends less time on their phones may have a better understanding of 3D images. The study used arrows tips or ends which provided a 3D illusion. The Muller illusion occurs due to the misapplication of size constancy scaling. The lines used in the Muller experiment are 2D, which can cause error when compared to its 3D

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PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 7 counterparts. However, this is not always the case as error tends to occur even with 3D objects. An individual’s brain perceives the depth of the lines based on the depth cues. When the arrows are pointing inwards, toward the line, the brain perceives it as being longer. This convex shape is often seen in building corners. When the arrows are pointed outward, away from the line, the depth cue causes the line to look closer and longer. See Figure 2. Figure 2. Statistical analysis of concave and convex corners. (A) Diagram of these two types of 3D corners . Adapted from The Muller-Lyer illusion explained by the statistics of image- source relationships, by Howe, C. Q., & Purves, D., 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(4) , 1234-1239. Copyright 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences. According to the conflicting cues explanation allows for an individual’s brain to perceive the length of the line based on the line and the overall figure. As the length of one figure is longer than the length of the lines, the lines with outward facing arrows cause the lines to seem longer. The conflicting cues explanation shows how the brain assesses information about the size before comprehending further observations. As a result of the Muller illusion experiment, it

PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 8 became clear that lines with arrows facing outwards did indeed seem longer compared to lines with inward facing arrows.

PERCEPTUAL ILLUSION 9 References Howe, C. Q., & Purves, D. (2004). The Muller-Lyer illusion explained by the statistics of image- source relationships. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(4), 1234- 1239. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409314102 Pedersen, D. M., & Wheeler, J. (1983). The Muller-Lyer illusion among Navajos. The Journal of Social Psychology, 121, 3-6. https://enmubb.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-2387349- dt-content-rid-10167967_1/courses/201920_PSYC_350_P_001_21948/Muller%20Lyer %20Navajo.pdf

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