Developmental Theorists paper Nov. 20th

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Developmental Theorist Paper Sasha Pinkstock Ohio Christian University PSY1020: Introduction to Psychology Dr. Megan Baril November 20 th, 2023

Developmental Theorists Paper Cognition refers to thinking and memory processes, and cognition development refers to long- term changes in which these processes take place. An analysis of the principles of a child’s cognitive development is impossible to imagine without the references of theories by Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Lawrence Kohlberg. Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist covering the nature and development of human intelligence. Piaget suggests that children between the ages of two and twelve years of age undergo four developmental stages of mental maturity, which these stages are crucial to early development of the brain of the child. Piaget created and studied accounts of how children gradually became capable of thinking both logically and critically. Piaget focuses his studies on the long-term development of cognitive abilities, he proposed that cognition develops through distinct stages from birth to adolescence. Lawrence Kohlberg developed moral-driven questions, asking them to various age groups of individuals. He then developed three basic levels of moral cognition: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. The pre-conventional level is that children accept the idea of authority and the moral code of others. The conventional level is that children believe that social rules and expectations of others determine what is acceptable behavior. The idea of the post-conventional level deals with what is right based on what an individual understands of the universal principles. Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky emphasized how the child’s mind develops and grows with interaction with the social environment around them. Whereas Piaget emphasized how a child’s mind grows with interaction with the physical environment. (Myers & Dewall, 2023). Vygotsky viewed children as learning from cultural, language, and social interactions. Vygotsky believed that youths need social interaction to build language processing for mental tools in learning. Vygotsky found that centering his five social and cultural methods of development around social interactions and experiences, guidance, and varying cognitive development from person to person, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

scaffolded, and language development. He believed that to be successful in life, two main factors must be met, the first being subjectivity and the second being how adults aid in children’s development and learning (scaffolding). If children have aid from their parents, higher skills and master learning can progress in children at an early age. Compare and Contrast Jean Piaget’s theory focuses on four stages of mental development. Piaget believed that a child’s moral judgment adds to their cognitive abilities and development. Agreeing with Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong. (Myers & Dewall, 2023). Vygotsky focused on cognitive abilities like Piaget, particularly the role of social interaction and cultural impacts on cognitive abilities. Vygotsky’s theory is known as the Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning guides moral actions. (Myers & Dewall, 2023). Vygotsky did not propose specific development stages but emphasized the continuation of cognitive development, heavily influenced by cultural and social environments. Kohlberg associated six distinct stages of moral development grouped into three levels. (pre-conventional conventional, and post- conventional.) Piaget focused his studies on how children acquire and retain their knowledge and understanding of the nature of intelligence. Piaget’s theory suggested that children’s cognitive development moves through four stages of mental development. Kohlberg extended the work of Piaget’s theory to describe the development of moral reasoning.

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References Myers, D.G., & Dewall, N.C. (2023). Psychology in Everyday Life (6th edition). Worth Publishers.

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