intelligence prep guide

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B01

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Dec 6, 2023

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Intelligence Preparation Guide I. How Can Intelligence Be Measured? What is the definition of “intelligence” according to your text? The ability to use one’s mind to solve novel problems and learn from experience. What was Binet’s contribution to Intelligence testing? Make sure you define mental and chronological age in your answer. Binet believed that children who needed extra help in the classroom should not be placed in asylums but placed in special classrooms alongside their peers. He also believed that the government should rely not on the subjective evaluations of parent’s teachers or physicians, but rather, should be objective to each child. Mental age: a person’s mental ability expressed as the age at which an average person reaches the same ability Chronological age: amount of time that has elapsed from birth to a given date What is the formula for calculating IQ? Persons test score/their age x100 = IQ What is a deviation IQ? Number obtained by dividing a person’s test score by the average test score for people their age and then multiplying by 100 II. What Is Intelligence? Explain Spearman’s two factor theory of intelligence: Spearman suggested that a person’s score was based on g (general intelligence) and s (specific abilities). A person’s test is due to a combination of general cognitive ability and specific abilities that are unique to the test. Differentiate between the data- based approach and the theory-based approach in defining intelligence. Data based: Suggests that there may be eight middle level abilities Theory based: suggest that there may be some middle level abilities that intelligence tests don’t measure Differentiate between fluid and crystallized intelligence: Fluid intelligence: ability to solve and reason about novel problems Crystallized intelligence: ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience What is emotional intelligence? Emotional Intelligence: ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

III. Where Does Intelligence Come From? What evidence is there for a genetic influence of intellectual ability? (Please discuss twin and adoption studies in your answer). What is the heritability coefficient? Heritability coefficient: a statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between peoples IQ scores that can be explained by differences in their genes What evidence is there for environmental influence of intellectual ability? (Please discuss adoption studies and environmental deprivation and enrichment, and the Flynn effect) in your answer. How do genetics and the environment interact to influence intelligence, and what role does the reaction range play in this? Genes may directly influence intelligence in part by determining the environments to which people are drawn and by which they are shaped. Intelligence tends to decrease over the life span. At the same time, research has found that intelligence levels have increased across generations in part due to better health care, nutrition, and schooling. Poverty has demonstrated damaging effects on children’s brain development and thus on their intellectual functioning. Education increases intelligence, but its impact is smaller, narrower, and shorter-lived than many wish. Are intelligence tests reliable? (Explain your answer) No. As they only test one side of knowledge and understand that does not include all individual’s strength and full capabilities. What do intelligence tests predict? IQ tests can predict how well people will do situations, such as thinking abstractly in science, engineering, art, leading teams of people, to learn, and to deal with novel situations. Is IQ stable? IQ scores tend to be very stable. Although intelligence ability is changing during life, the IQ does not. IV. Who Is Most Intelligent? Briefly summarize the differences between intellectually gifted and intellectually disabled individuals. Intellectually gifted: child whose intellectual abilities, creativity, and potential for achievement are so outstanding that the child need differentiate education as they have an outstanding educational performance and requires specifically designed instruction or support services.

Intellectually disabled: People with a limit in their ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life. Discuss the various explanations for cultural differences in IQ scores (i.e., socioeconomic disadvantage, stereotype threat, & cultural bias). Living in a lower socioeconomic status – some groups live in less health, stimulating environments make it harder to act on your intelligence due to other priorities such as staying safe and well. Stereotype threat has been shown to impact individual test performance and is one factor that plays a role in between-group differences in intelligence. There is currently no compelling evidence to suggest that between-group differences in intelligence are due to genetic differences. Stereotype threat: anxiety associated with the possibility of confirming other people’s stereotypes about one’s group. How can intelligence be improved? Cognitive enhancers are drugs that can increase mental functions such as attention and memory which play a role in intellectual functioning, though these drugs can be addicting and have serious side effects. People who are extremely intelligent are not necessarily happier nor are they more prone to psychological disorders than the rest of the population. Likewise, individuals at the other end of the intellectual spectrum tend to be happy with their lives.

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