MSW-6004 Week 7 Assignment (2)

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Recommend Rapid Assessment Instruments Maenell Hendricks JFK School of Psychology and Social Sciences, National University Course code: MSW-6004 Dr. Natalee Oliver September 30, 2023

2 Recommendations of Rapid Assessments Instruments Depression and violence among peers are pervasive worldwide concerns that significantly affect the younger generation. Depressive disorder, often known as depression, represents a very widespread and clinically important medical disease that has detrimental impacts on a person's emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and behavioral tendencies. Fortunately, this condition may also be effectively managed with appropriate treatment methods. Depression can be defined by the presence of enduring feelings of sadness and a reduced ability to draw satisfaction from formerly pleasurable pursuits. The phenomenon of persistent stress has been associated with a range of mental and physical complications, which can impair one's overall functioning. Individuals who have received a diagnosis of depression exhibit a much higher likelihood, around thrice, of engaging in acts of violence, including but not limited to robbery, sexual offenses, and assault, in comparison to the overall population. Untreated adolescent depression may have detrimental consequences. If left unchecked within the cognitive processes of a young person, it has the potential to give rise to challenges within educational and familial settings, making the experience of everyday living exceedingly difficult, and persisting as a significant influence over the course of their adult life (Nelson & Nelson, 2020). The purpose of this paper is to discuss how depressive disorder is related to at- risk youth (youth violence), identify three rapid assessment instruments and who created them, and determine and justify how each assessment instrument will be utilized in a clinical setting. Relationship Between Depressive Disorder and Youth Violence The comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorder with consumption of alcohol is a well-documented phenomenon. Nevertheless, previous studies have not adequately examined the

3 variations in this comorbidity across different segments of the population, nor have they explored the temporal aspects of its development (Goldstick et al., 2018). In light of the fact that there is a correlation between indicators of anxiety or depression and alcoholic beverages, as well as their association with various adverse health consequences such as engagement in violent behavior, comprehending these interrelationships can potentially contribute to the avoidance of consumption of alcohol and additional concurrent outcomes (Goldstick et al., 2018). A study consisting of 151 adolescents, aged 12 to 18 years, was performed where the participants were enrolled in a mood disorders program at an outpatient clinic located inside a hospital setting (Benton et al., 2020). The clustering method was employed as a methodological approach to discern distinct subgroups by using the experiences of individuals inside the 'web of violence' framework. Subsequently, the disparities across groups were examined based on demographic characteristics and clinical factors. In general, the prevalence of child abuse, victimization by other people, and bullying perpetration was shown to be substantial (Benton et al., 2020). The use of the cluster analysis successfully found two distinct subgroups within the teenage population, which can be distinguished based on their levels of exposure. These subgroups may be classified as the low exposure category and the high exposure category. The group with high exposure had a higher severity of depressive symptoms, increased levels of despair, and worse impairment compared to the participants with low exposure (Benton et al., 2020). Within this particular clinical sample, researchers were able to identify discrete subgroups of young individuals who exhibited variations in their experiences of maltreatment, as well as their involvement in peer conflict and victimization. The clinical results of participants with high exposure were shown to be considerably worse in comparison to those with low exposure (Benton et al., 2020). These results underscore the need of doing a thorough evaluation of young

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4 individuals with depression, particularly in relation to their potential participation in violent behavior. The findings suggest that adolescents who are exposed to a high degree of these events exhibit notably greater degrees of symptoms associated with depression, heightened feelings of despair, and higher impairment compared to adolescents who are subjected to a moderate degree of 'web of violence' events (Benton et al., 2020). Although depressive disorder is interrelated with youth violence and other variables, there are assessment tools available to help one gain a greater understanding of a person’s symptoms and other properties that are negatively impacting him/her. Rapid Assessment Instruments Thorough evaluation is a crucial component of practices that are evidence-based. The evaluation of depressed symptoms at the outset may aid in identifying potential treatment modalities, while regular evaluations over the course of therapy can provide guidance for therapeutic interventions and measure the extent of improvement. For instance, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), created in 1961 by Aaron T. Beck, is frequently employed as a diagnostic instrument for the evaluation of depression, measurements of behavioral manifestations, and the degree of severity linked to depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory, 2020). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), is suitable for persons within the age range of 13 and 80 years. This assessment tool consists of a comprehensive set of self-report inquiries, which need respondents to offer their answers using a selection of multiple choice options. The estimated duration for completing the assessment is approximately 10 minutes. The validity and reliability of the assessment instrument have been thoroughly investigated in various demographics around the world (Beck Depression Inventory, 2020). This assessment instrument can be utilized in someone’s home, clinic, or hospital.

5 Created by Max Hamilton in 1960, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), often known as HRSD or HAM-D, is a standardized tool used to assess the severity of depression in patients prior to treatment, and throughout the course of therapeutic interventions (Hamilton, 1960). The administration of the rating system is conducted by medical practitioners and consists of 21 questions. However, the scoring of the instrument is based only on the initial 17 items that are assessed using the option of 5 or 3-point metrics (Hamilton, 1960). The task may be completed and evaluated within a time frame of 15 and 20 minutes. This assessment instrument is used by healthcare practitioners to interview patients who are already experiencing depression. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was initially created with the intention of being used in people of all ages. However, it has since been adopted as a tool for screening depression in hospitals and clinics (Saracino et al., 2020). The assessment has a total of 20 feedback questions, each of which is evaluated using a rating system of four. These items are designed to assess the primary characteristics of depression that an individual may have experienced during the previous week. The CES-D instrument has the capacity to be used with individuals ranging from early childhood (as early as 6 years old) through advanced stages of maturity (Saracino et al., 2020). The assessment has undergone rigorous testing across diverse gender and ethnic populations, demonstrating consistent levels of accuracy and dependability. The administration of the scale typically takes an estimated 20 minutes, which includes the process of scoring as well (Saracino et al., 2020). This assessment instrument was created by Lenore Sawyer Radloff in 1977, which cross-cultural research, healthcare settings, and big community surveys frequently use this type of technique. The utilization of this diagnostic tool for diagnosing depression is discouraged due to its limited scope in assessing symptoms that

6 have shown during the preceding week, hence failing to comprehensively evaluate the whole spectrum of depressed symptoms. It might serve as an indication of symptoms. Additionally, it serves as a crucial instrument for identifying populations vulnerable to depression and establishing connections among conduct and indicators of depression. Biopsychosocial evaluations are distinct from screenings that focus mostly on a single domain, such as emotional or medical evaluations. A biopsychosocial evaluation is often conducted during the first stages of mental health therapy, commonly as a component of the admission process. The customers are presented with a set of inquiries and are expected to respond truthfully. Due to its extensive scope, the process of conducting this assessment may need a lengthier duration compared to a conventional treatment intake evaluation. The biopsychosocial assessment is often conducted within the context of a comprehensive examination, with its primary purpose being to effectively treat a particular presenting issue. The biopsychosocial evaluation is often conducted within the framework of psychotherapy; however, it is not exclusive to clinicians and may also be performed by physicians and social welfare experts. Conclusion The era of adolescence is of significant importance in the development of psychological and social behaviors that play a critical role in promoting mental well-being. Some strategies that may be beneficial for individuals include the adoption of good sleep habits, frequent engagement in physical exercise, the cultivation of resilience, solving problems, and interactions with others, as well as the acquisition of emotional management techniques. The establishment of protective and supporting settings within the family, educational institutions, and the broader society has significant importance. Several factors have been identified as potential contributors to stress

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7 experienced throughout adolescence. These factors include being subjected to adversity, the pressure to adjust to peer expectations, and trying to figure out who he or she is. The impact of media and societal expectations around gender roles might further widen the gap between a young person's actual experiences and their beliefs or ambitions for the years to come. Additional significant factors include the caliber of their domestic environment and interpersonal connections with peers. Various factors, like as violence (particularly sexual assault and bullying), inadequate parenting, and significant financial challenges, have been identified as acknowledged dangers to mental well-being. There are various factors that can impact one's mental well-being. The emotional well-being of teens may be impacted to a greater extent as the amount of associated risks they experience grows.

8 References Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (2020). https://www.apa.org/pi/about/publications/caregivers/practice- settings/assessment/tools/beck-depression Benton, T. D., Jones, J. D., Julye, S., Butler, L. L., & Boyd, R. C. (2021). ’Web of Violence’, Depression, and Impairment in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents. Journal of Family Violence , 36 (1), 17–26 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00157-1 Goldstick, J. E., Bohnert, K. M., Davis, A. K., Bonar, E. E., Carter, P. M., Walton, M. A., & Cunningham, R. M. (2018). Dual Trajectories of Depression/Anxiety Symptoms and Alcohol Use, and their Implications for Violence Outcomes Among Drug-Using Urban Youth. Alcohol & Alcoholism , 53 (6), 659–666. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agy036 Hamilton, M. (1960). A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 23 (1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 Nelson, R., & Nelson, R. (2020). Teen depression increases the risk of violent behavior down the road. ViewPoint Center . https://www.viewpointcenter.com/teen-depression-risk- violence/#:~: text=The%20researchers%20found%20that%20depression , done%20to %20clarify%20those%20links Saracino, R. M., Cham, H., Rosenfeld, B., & Nelson, C. J. (2020). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in Oncology with examination of invariance between younger and older patients. European Journal of Psychological Assessment , 36 (2), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000510

MSW-6004 Week 7 Assignment (2)

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