Lai P Quantitative Research Evaluation

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ASCI 693

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Eagle Research - Evaluation Form 1.1. What is the APA formatted reference for this article? Chen, X., Wang, Z., Jiang, H., Meng, Y., Wang, H., Li, Y., Xu, K., Yang, J., & Luo, C. (2023). Flight training changes the brain functional pattern in cadets. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1120628–1120628. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1120628 1.2. What is the article about? Summarize the article in one to two paragraphs. Compare to a decade ago, flying cadets used to only meet the physical fitness. Nowadays, technology brings more advanced avionic devices to aviation industry, mental work is more emphasized and valued than before. Therefore, more and more phycological trainings such as cognitive abilities, decision-making, assumptions are added in flight training syllabus. Also, most of international standards and regulations are based on evidence of accidents as post-active changes. Researchers would like to prepare in advance thorough studying function of brain change during flight training. By taking this approach, flight training institutions could evaluate the effectiveness of flight training. 1.3. What is the research problem statement (if possible, use direct quote with APA formatted citation)? To what extent does the problem statement communicate the research problem to the reader? The problem to be addressed in this study is comparing to before, now we have more advanced technology that requires more phycological trainings than physical training. The study is trying to investigate the effectiveness of flight training.

1.4. What is the intent of the researcher (if possible, use direct quote with APA formatted citation)? To what extent does the intent of the study communicate what the researcher will do about the problem? The intention of this study is to find out if the brain functional pattern could be changed by flight training. By doing this we could assess the effectiveness of flight training. 1.5. What are the research questions or hypotheses (if possible, use direct quote with APA formatted citation)? Does answering the research question or drawing conclusions on the hypotheses resolve the research problem? The hypothesis of this study is the brain activity related to cognitive function could be altered by flight training process. H0: There’s no difference between two on fMRI data. H1: There’s difference between groups of participants on fMRI data. 1.6. Describe the quality, depth, and organization of the literature review. In this study, there were two visits. The first visit on 2019 while the participants were freshmen. Researchers used high spatial resolution structural image (T1) and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) to collect data. The second was in 2022 and added cognitive function assessment. Between those two trials were different from 31 to 41 months. 1.7. What is the research design? Is the research design correct for the intent of the study and type of data used in the study? If so, why? If not, what research design and

data analysis do you recommend? To what extent does the data collection and analysis plan gather and assess the data to answer the research questions or hypotheses? This research design was examined by the Ethics Committee of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. They recruited 25 male cadets and the other 24 males as control major in psychology or aeronautical engineering who have zero flight experiences. Researchers acquired MRI data through 3-T MRI scanner. And fMRI data were from gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence with the following parameters. Cognitive function, only used in second visit, was collected by using Psychology Experiment Building Language. There are four index to represent mental flexibility and executive function, which are total accuracy, perseverative responses (PR), perseverative errors (PE) and total reaction time. Also, degree centrality analysis (DC) is a procedure that is performed across the entire brain. l. Correlation coefficients were then transformed into normally distributed Fisher Z-scores. The weighted DC value of a given voxel was identified as the sum of the significant connections (Z values) between the voxel and all the other voxels. (2023) 1.8. Are the results, conclusions, and recommendations logical and reasonable based on the outcomes of the data analysis? If so, why? If not, what corrections do you suggest? Combining two groups into one group to view the result, a positive correlation was identified between total accuracy and DC value of lingual gyrus, but negative correlation between PE value and DC value of lingual gyrus, which means there were no significant difference between two groups.

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1.9. Describe the quality of the format and style of writing. What improvements would you suggest to the author to improve the document? In my opinion, we all understand that fMRI involved studies are always time and money consuming that it’s hard to recruit a lager group of participants. In this study, I believe there’s still a value to show how important is psychological training such as CRM, cognitive abilities, decision-making should be emphasized.

2.1. What is the APA formatted reference for this article? Fowler, R., & Siao, D. (n.d.). Native Language Effects on Flight Training Performance. 2.2. What is the article about? Summarize the article in one to two paragraphs. In collegiate aviation programs, there are more and more international students participating, and the majority of them are non-native English speakers (NNES). Therefore, collegiate aviation programs usually ask those who want to enroll should take English proficiency test such as Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). In these two examples, there are four skills would be examined: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Since the evaluation of those tests shows combined scores, students who get high points on reading and writing but low scores on listening and speaking still can get in the program. However, mostly flight training, the communication is emphasized on listening and speaking. Students without adequate listening and speaking kills may be hard to complete flight training. This research recruited both native English speaking (NES) and (NNES) aviation students who recently passed the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Private Pilot check ride, utilized a survey to determine “the number of flight training hours to the first solo flight” and “the number of flight training hours to successful completion of the Private Pilot check ride”. 2.3. What is the research problem statement (if possible, use direct quote with APA formatted citation)? To what extent does the problem statement communicate the research problem to the reader?

“Many of these international student pilots are NNES, and English proficiency is required to qualify for all FAA pilot certificates (FAA, 2017). Unfortunately, many of these NNES flight students struggle because of inadequate English language proficiency. ICAO states that the English language shall be available on request at any airport that is used by international air carriers. Therefore, international student pilots training in the United States who plan to return to their home countries and fly internationally must continue to demonstrate English language proficiency. (International Civil Aviation Organization [ICAO], 2016).” (Fowler, R., & Siao, D., n.d.) 2.4. What is the intent of the researcher (if possible, use direct quote with APA formatted citation)? To what extent does the intent of the study communicate what the researcher will do about the problem? The purpose of this research is to determine if there is a significant difference in flight training performance between NES and NNES flight students. (Fowler, R., & Siao, D., n.d.) 2.5. What are the research questions or hypotheses (if possible, use direct quote with APA formatted citation)? Does answering the research question or drawing conclusions on the hypotheses resolve the research problem? Research Questions 1. Do NNES student pilots take longer to complete the first solo flight and the Private Pilot check ride than NES student pilots? 2. How do NNES and NES student pilots learn aviation English?

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3. Do NNES and NES student pilots feel that aviation English training prior to initial flight training would improve flight training performance? Hypotheses Null Hypothesis: Non-native English-speaking student pilots do not take longer to complete the first solo flight and the Private Pilot check ride than native English speaking student pilots. Alternate Hypothesis: Non-native English-speaking student pilots take longer to complete the first solo flight and the Private Pilot check ride than native English speaking student pilots. 2.6. Describe the quality, depth, and organization of the literature review. In literature review, researchers mentioned about two accidents caused by lacking of English proficiency. One is Tenerife accident on 1977; the other is flight training in Canada, two pilots on 152 occurred mid-air collision due to inadequate English proficiency. There are the other two studies about aviation English proficiency and aviation safety. One is a survey by Doty et al.(2021), is about aviation students from two collegiate aviation programs who were NNES to determine how performance in flight is related to levels of self- efficacy in the English language. The other research is by Bieswanger et al. (2020) focus on the communicative skills that are needed by NNES flight students who enroll in ab initio flight training programs taught by NES ground and flight instructors. 2.7. What is the research design? Is the research design correct for the intent of the study and type of data used in the study? If so, why? If not, what research design and

data analysis do you recommend? To what extent does the data collection and analysis plan gather and assess the data to answer the research questions or hypotheses? This was a quantitative research analyzing the data from NES and NNES. Two groups of flight training pilot would answer the questionnaire about flight hours before first solo and completing private pilot license, years of English language instruction before they start flight training and method they learned aviation English. A total of 240 students participated the survey and 229 of them completed. 139 (61%) are NES, and 90 (39%) considered themselves as NNES. 2.8. Are the results, conclusions, and recommendations logical and reasonable based on the outcomes of the data analysis? If so, why? If not, what corrections do you suggest? The data shows statistically significant on question 1, which means the result supported that NNES student pilots require more flight hours to complete the flight solo and private checkride. For question 2, the methods used for learning aviation English, the most common approach for both groups are from instructor. For NNES, there’s an extra question about how many years do they learn English before flight training. On years of receiving English instruction to flight hours before completing private pilot checkride, the data shows no difference between those group, which means there’s other fact effecting student pilots completing checkride. Finally, research question 3 is about t whether NNES and NES student pilots thought that aviation English training prior to initial flight training would improve flight training performance. Data indicates that both NNES and NES groups select it would either

“probably” or “definitely” improve flight training. And there’s no significant between two group. For conclusion, NNES student pilots significantly need more training hours before complete flight solo and checkride. Although both NNES and NES agree that they received most of aviation instruction from instructor, NES flight instructors do not have any special training for instructing NNES. Therefore, ICAO recommend flight instructors should take teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) before they are assigned to teach NNES student pilots. Finally, receiving English instruction before the start of flight training have some significance to complete private pilot certificate but not first solo, which means this result could not be determined. 2.9. Describe the quality of the format and style of writing. What improvements would you suggest to the author to improve the document? This is a well-structured study that contains all the elements a quantitative research should equip. For the further recommendation, I think it would be a more valuable idea if researchers could develop some advices for future research on the reason why there’s no significance showing on English instruction received years has different effect on finishing private pilot licenses. In my opinion, the developing hypotheses could be some student have athletic experience that helping them on practical flight training portion, such as better strategies on practicing, muscle memories.

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Lai P Quantitative Research Evaluation

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