PSYC304 Discussion #6

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The idea behind selective adaptation is that when we view a stimulus with a specific property, neurons tuned to that property fire, and if viewing continues for long enough, these neurons adapt. Discuss how the psychophysical procedure of selective adaptation has been used to demonstrate the link between feature detectors and (a) the perception of orientation, and (b) the perception of size. Be sure to include a discussion of your understanding of the rationale behind selective adaptation experiments and how we can draw conclusions about physiology from the results of such a psychophysical procedure. Provide two examples for the class that support your conclusions. For this week's discussion, it is expected students will use this reading and outside scholarly web sources to answer this question completely. Sensory adaptation refers to the phenomenon when the sensitivity to a particular stimulus diminishes following prolonged and consistent exposure to such stimulus. Sensory adaptation diminishes our perceptual awareness of a certain input, enabling the allocation of attention and cognitive resources toward processing other stimuli within our surrounding environment[ CITATION Che22 \l 1033 ]. Sensory adaptation can be experienced by all five senses. The human sensory system exhibits a remarkable ability to adapt to both external environmental stimuli and internal factors specific to each individual, including the effects of aging or disease. Sensory adaptation, alternatively referred to as neural adaptation, is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of modifications in the neural receptor cells responsible for receiving and processing sensory stimuli. According to existing research, it has been found that sensory adaptation presents itself in several phases of perceptual processing[ CITATION Che22 \l 1033 ]. The Perception of Orientation

The prevailing assumption in the field is that the determination of a shape's orientation is mostly based on the identification of a specific feature's position. On the other hand, Braine et al. (1981), argued that the foundation of orientation judgments is contingent upon the specific job at hand. This argument is examined in the context of judgments pertaining to upside-down and sideways orientations. The concept that the determination of shape orientation in a judgment is contingent upon the contrasts presented by the task carries significant implications for both theoretical understanding and experimental methodology. These implications were thoroughly examined in the context of both realistic and geometric shapes. Example In a study carried out by Braine et al. (1981), a series of images depicting mono-oriented objects were sequentially presented to adult participants, who were then required to identify the orientations of each object within a reaction time (RT) paradigm. The experimental condition involved the sequential presentation of upright and inverted images or upright and rotated images. Another condition was the sequential presentation of inverted and rotated images. As anticipated, the duration for orientation identification was lengthier in the condition where two nonupright stimuli were presented. This was due to the necessity of making distinct identifications for upside-down and sideways orientations, whereas the alternative condition just required distinguishing between upright and nonupright orientations. The Perception of Size Size adaptation refers to the phenomenon in which the visual system modifies the neuronal responsiveness of size representations following extended exposure to specific stimuli. The

perceived size of a stimulus shown is subsequently influenced by the size of the adaptor stimulus, whether it is larger or smaller (Zeng et al., 2017). The phenomenon of size adaptation has the potential to manifest itself across multiple levels of processing. The early stages of the visual system primarily encode retinal size, resulting in the formation of functional representations of the adaptor to which the next stimulus is adapted. In contrast, the process of size adaptation may encompass more complex cognitive mechanisms that consider supplementary factors, such as the estimated distance between the observer and the item, therefore influencing the perception of size (Zeng et al., 2017). Example Numerous research studies have been conducted to examine whether the process of size adaptation is contingent upon the retinal size or the perceived size of an adaptor stimulus. The physical and perceived sizes of a stimulus were manipulated in an orthogonal manner by altering the perceived depth through binocular disparity, utilizing polarized 3D glasses. Four distinct adaptors were employed, exhibiting variations in their physical dimensions, perceived dimensions, or both. Two sets of adaptors, which were physically similar in size, did not result in significantly different adaptation effects. However, they did produce different perceived sizes that were large enough to generate distinct aftereffects when exposed to stimuli that varied in physical size. On the other hand, a notable aftereffect was observed when adaptors exhibited variations in physical size while being consistent in perceived size. The study found that perceived size and binocular disparity did not have an impact on size adaption. The available data indicates that the phenomenon of size adaptation arises during brain processing stages in which information from each eye is encoded separately in distinct channels, without any binocular connections (Zeng et al., 2017).

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References Braine, L. G., Reylea, L., & Davidman, L. (1981, March). On how adults identify the orientation of a shape. Perception & Psychophysics, 29 , 138-144. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03207277 Cherry, K. (2022, June 16). How Sensory Adaptation Works . Retrieved from VeryWellMind: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-sensory-adaptation-2795869 Zeng, H., Kreutzer, S., Fink, G. R., & Weidner, R. (2017, December). The source of visual size adaptation. Journal of Vision, 17 (8). doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/17.14.8

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