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Sixuan Li Psyc 192L Study Guide 2 Dr. Lacefield 10/16/2023 1. I am completing the Attend Class Option 2. Please identify a new fact or bit of information learned from lectures this week (Week 4): New information about variables/scales: I learned about measurement scales, including the difference between nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. I learned that researchers' choice of which scale of measurement to use depends on the research question being asked and the method utilized for statistical analysis. Nominal scales are employed for data consisting of discrete categories, ordinal variables are used for data comprising ordered rankings, interval variables are appropriate for data involving real numbers that reflect differences in magnitude, while ratio variables are chosen for data involving real numbers that not only reflect differences in magnitude but also consist a true zero point. New information about association studies: I learned about the different types of association studies, including when to use nominal x nominal, when to use nominal x continuous, and when to use continuous x continuous studies. I also learned the difference between a predictor variable and an outcome variable. A predictor variable is the hypothesized variable that influences the outcome, and the outcome variable is the variable that you hypothesize is being affected by the predictor variable. 3. ARTICLE PRACTICE: a. Please review this article and answer these questions about it: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10180596/ i. what are the variables of interest in this study? In the study “Relationship between self-management of patients with anxiety disorders and their anxiety level and quality of life: A cross-sectional study,” researchers were interested in whether variables of interest include self-management, anxiety level, and quality of life. ii. what kinds of variables are they? Self-management, anxiety level and quality of life are all continuous variables. iii. what are the scales used to measure them (what kind and what is the scale)? All three variables use interval scales. Self-management uses interval scales because researchers employed a scale consisting of 31 items on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 4. Anxiety level employs interval scales because researchers used a 20-item SAS to categorize participants into different anxiety levels. Quality of life is an interval variable because researchers adopted the WHOQOL-BREF consisting of four domains: physical, psychological, social relationships, and environmental domains. iv. what were the findings with respect to any associations between/among variables?

Sixuan Li Psyc 192L Study Guide 2 Dr. Lacefield 10/16/2023 The study showed that the total self-management score was positively correlated with the total quality of life score (r = 0.695, P <0.001), physical domain score (r = 0.552, P <0.001), psychological domain score (r = 0.661, P <0.001), social relations domain score (r = 0.542, P <0.001), and environmental domain score (r = 0.614, P <0.001). However, it was negatively correlated with SAS score (r = –0.470, P <0.001). As self-management increased, anxiety levels decreased. Additionally, higher levels of self-management were associated with better quality of life. v. what's another question you'd like to answer based on these variables? I would like to answer what are the predictor variables and what are the outcome variables. In this study, self-management is the predictor variable, anxiety level and quality of life are outcome variables. 4. Reference List: Please submit your list of 12 references shared with your group, or independently

Sixuan Li Psyc 192L Study Guide 2 Dr. Lacefield 10/16/2023 References Baranova, A., Cao, H., & Zhang, F. (2021). Shared genetic liability and causal effects between major depressive disorder and insomnia. Human Molecular Genetics . https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddab328 Fava, M. (2004). Daytime sleepiness and insomnia as correlates of depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 65 Suppl 16 , 27–32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15575802/ Fu, T., Wang, C., Yan, J., Zeng, Q., & Ma, C. (2023). Relationship between antenatal sleep quality and depression in perinatal women: A comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Affective Disorders , 327 , 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.125 Joo, H. J., Kwon, K. A., Shin, J., Park, S., & Jang, S.-I. (2022). Association between sleep quality and depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders , 310 , 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.004 Li, L., Wu, C., Gan, Y., Qu, X., & Lu, Z. (2016). Insomnia and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Psychiatry , 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1075-3 Morawetz, D., & Australia, V. (2003). Insomnia and Depression: Which Comes First? https://www.sleepbetter.com.au/PDFs/A.%20Depn%20&%20Insomnia%20SRO%20200 3.pdf Okun, M. L., Mancuso, R. A., Hobel, C. J., Schetter, C. D., & Coussons-Read, M. (2018). Poor sleep quality increases symptoms of depression and anxiety in postpartum women.

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Sixuan Li Psyc 192L Study Guide 2 Dr. Lacefield 10/16/2023 Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 41 (5), 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-9950-7 Raman, S., Hyland, P., & Coogan, A. N. (2022). Temporal associations between insomnia and depression symptoms in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-lagged path modelling analysis. Psychiatry Research , 312 , 114533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114533 Riemann, D. (2003). Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression? Journal of Affective Disorders , 76 (1-3), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00072-1 Stahl, S. T., Insana, S. P., Martica H. Hall, & Buysse, D. J. (2022). Pediatric Sleep Disturbances and Symptoms of Depression in Older Adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 009141502210779. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914150221077950 Wang, X., Cheng, S., & Xu, H. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between sleep disorders and suicidal behaviour in patients with depression. BMC Psychiatry , 19 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2302-5 Williams, A. B., Dzierzewski, J. M., Griffin, S. C., Lind, M. J., Dick, D., & Rybarczyk, B. D. (2019). Insomnia Disorder and Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome: Prevalence and Relationship to Depression in College Students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine , 18 (2), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2019.1578772

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