lab 6 assignment

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Schemas are an individual’s firmly held ‘core beliefs’ about the world, themselves and others that are carried throughout life (Riso et al. 2006 ; Young et al. 2006 ). Author/ Date Mechanis m Construct / Variable Outcome Construc t/ Variable Are the authors testing the hypothesi s that mechanis m → disorder symptom s? Are the authors testing the hypothesi s that people with vs. without the disorder differ on the mechanis m? Findings Bortolon et al. (2013) Early maladaptive schemas/ Schizophreni a diagnosis Yes Yes Results showed that, after controlling for depression, patients with schizophrenia achieved higher scores than control subjects on six EMSs. The EMSs were associated with positive, but not negative, symptomatolog y.

Evaluating Research Designs in Two Articles of Your Choice Aut hor & Dat e What is the predict or or indepe ndent variabl e? What is the outcome or depende nt variable ? Is the design: Experimenta l or Correlational / Observationa l? What sentenc e(s) told you the type of the design that was used? What did the authors do to assess the effects of the predictor/ independen t variables? What was the outcome of the study: What was the relation between the predictor/IV and the outcome/DV? Bort olon et al. (201 3) Schizop hrenia diagnosi s Early maladapti ve schemas Correlational A sample of 48 patients diagnosed with schizophr enia and 44 control participan ts answered the schema questionn aire short form's French validation , and were assessed with the positive and negative syndrome scale as well as a scale of depressio n symptom atology. The Young schema questionnaire short form (SQ- SF) , The positive and negative syndrome sale (PANSS), The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Results showed that, after controlling for depression, patients with schizophrenia achieved higher scores than control subjects on six EMSs. The EMSs were associated with positive, but not negative, symptomatology.

The aim of the study by Bortolon et al. (2013) was to test the hypothesis that early maladaptive schemas was related to schizophrenia. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) were measured using the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form. Schizophrenia was measured using, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The authors tested the hypothesis in a sample containing 48 patients with schizophrenia that fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and the control group included 44 healthy participants. A correlational study design was used . The authors found that after controlling for depression, the patients with schizophrenia got higher scores than the healthy control group on six out of 15 EMSs. The EMSs that were higher were associated with positive symptoms, but not negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Evaluating Research Designs in Two Articles of Your Choice Author & Date What is the predictor or independe nt variable? What is the outcome or dependen t variable? Is the design: Experimental or Correlational/ Observational? What sentence(s) told you the type of the design that was used? What did the authors do to assess the effects of the predictor/ independent variables? What was the outcome of the study: What was the relation between the predictor/IV and the outcome/DV? Khosravani et al., (2019) (C-b) Early maladapti ve schemas positive and negative symptoms of psychosi Correlational We applied three groups of participants including SZ patients (n = 105), non- patients with low schizotypal traits (n = 90), and non- patients with high schizotypal traits (n = 90). Participants completed the Young Schema Questionnai re-Short Form (YSQ- SF), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The results indicated that the mistrust/abuse and social isolation schemas were significant predictors of positive and negative symptoms in SZ patients respectively. SZ patients and non- patients with high schizotypal traits exceeded non-patients with low schizotypal traits on all EMSs. There were no di ff erences between SZ pa- tients and non- patients with high schizotypal traits regarding EMSs. In the subgroups with high depression, SZ patients showed higher levels of EMSs than non-patients with low and high schizotypal traits. In the subgroups with low depression, both SZ patients and non-patients with high schizotypal traits had higher scores on EMSs than non- patients with low schizotypal traits.

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The aim of the study by Khosravani et al. (2019) was to predict positive and negative symptoms of psychosis by looking at early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), as well as comparing SZ patients, non-patients who had high schizotypal traits and non-patients with low schizotypal traits. To complete this study a correlational design was used. The Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form was used to test 15 EMSs. The Schizotypal Personality Scale ( STA) uses DSM-III criteria to determine schizotypal personality disorders. SZ symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The authors tested the hypothesis in a sample containing 105 DSM-IV diagnosed SZ patients, 90 undergraduate college students with the lowest PANSS score and 90 undergraduate college students with the highest PANSS score as the non-patients with and without schizotypal features. The authors found that the mistrust/abuse and social isolation schemas were shown to be high predictors of positive and negative symptoms in SZ patients. Patients with high schizotypal traits were greater than patients with low schizotypal traits on all EMSs. It was found that there were no differences between SZ patients and non-patients with high schizotypal traits. The aim of the study by Gibson & Francis, (2019), was to look into whether parental early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are related to child EMSs through parenting styles. To complete this study a correlational design was used. Participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3) short form, which assessed 18 EMSs. The Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) were used to provide a multifaceted assessment of mothers’ parenting attributes. The authors studied a group of 41 pairs of mothers and daughters, each pair biologically related. It was found that mother EMSs do predict a range of daughter EMSs. Daughter EMSs were associated with parenting styles, for example high authoritative parenting predicted lower levels of daughter EMSs and high overprotective parenting predicted higher levels of daughter EMSs. The aim of the study by Mortensen et al. (2009) was to test if family history of different disorders caused higher individual risk of schizophrenia. The study used data from the Danish Civil Registration System (CRS). A total of 1,745,970 people were followed from their 15th birthday until onset of schizophrenia, death, emigration from Denmark, or 30 June 2006, whichever came first. This makes it a correlational study

design. The study population was linked to the Danish Psychiatric Central Register (PCR) who had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital or had been in out-patient care with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. It was found that schizophrenia was highly associated with schizophrenia and related disorders among first degree relatives. It was also found that a lot of other psychiatric disorders among first degree relatives also increased the individual’s risk of schizophrenia. Evaluating Research Designs in Two Articles of Your Choice Author & Date What is the predictor or independent variable? What is the outcome or dependent variable? Is the design: Experimental or Correlational/ Observational ? What sentence(s) told you the type of the design that was used? What did the authors do to assess the effects of the predictor/ independe nt variables? What was the outcome of the study: What was the relation between the predictor/IV and the outcome/DV? Gibson & Francis, 2019 Mother schemas Daughter schemas Correlational The Young Schema Questionnaire , Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument and Parental Authority Questionnaire were used to assess individual schemas, parenting styles from the daughters’ perspective, and depression as a mood- state control variable. The Young Schema Questionn aire, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument and Parental Authority Questionn aire were used to assess individual schemas, parenting styles from the daughters’ perspectiv e, and depression as a mood- state control variable. Mother schemas predicted a range of daughter schemas. There was also evidence of direct transference of some schemas between mothers and daughters. Daughter schemas were associated with parenting styles. In particular, high authoritative parenting predicted lower levels of daughter schemas and high overprotective parenting pre- dicted higher levels of daughter schemas. There was no firm evidence that authoritative parenting mediated the relationship between mother and daughter schemas in this domain.

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A second study done by Mortensen et al. (1999) also looked at family history of schizophrenia. Data from the CRS in Denmark was used to 1.75 million people who had mothers born between 1935 and 1978. These people were then put into the Danish PCR and 2669 cases of schizophrenia among the members and additional cases amount their parents. A history of schizophrenia in a parent or sibling was found to be associated with the highest risk of having schizophrenia.

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