AC 2

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Texas Tech University *

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630

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Uploaded by Sammysmudge

Questions 2. What are the dependent variables? It is ok to list the dependent variables. An explanation is not needed for this question. 1. The number of bites of nonpreferred foods consumed by the child (Adrian), which was measured across different trials and intervention phases. 2. the treatment integrity or the extent the parents can implement the intervention taught to them over teleconsultation with a high level of treatment integrity. 4. The maintenance of treatment. 3. The acceptability of teleconsultation as rated by the parent Questions 3: Are the dependent variables clearly defined? Consider the operational definition, the appropriateness of the measurement system, and reliability (e.g., data collectors, IOA). Explain your rationale using citations from the textbook. Yes, the dependent variables within the study are clearly defined. Our textbook describes a dependent variable as the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. This means that the dependent variable is the behavior that is being measured and then seen as the results of the data. In this study, These variables are the outcomes that the researchers are measuring to evaluate the overall effectiveness of the interventions and the acceptability and social validity of the teleconsultation approach. The number of bites the child consumed of the nonpreferred foods directly measures the intervention's impact on his eating behavior. The study used trial-by-trial data collection to record data on the child's behavior as well as monitor procedural fidelity on the child's parent's implementation of the treatments. A trial consisted of the parent presenting the demand in a statement format, if a compliant response was given, the parent was instructed to then give the child social praise and allow the child access to reinforcement (Bloomfield et al., 2018). With the total number of bites totaling at least 10 per session, trial-by-trial data collection was most appropriate for this study. Event recording can be used when the event has an anchor such as a response associated with a certain statement (Ledford & Gast, 2024 p. 103 ). The more bites of nonpreferred food the child consumes as well as the more foods were introduced and generalized the more likely his overall health of the child would increase, showing the impact of the intervention. Additionally, the study employed changing criteria and the systematic stepwise changing contingency for reinforcement procedures to assess the functional relationship that was formed between the intervention taught to and implemented by the parents over teleconsultation and the increase in the number of bites of nonpreferred foods that were consumed by the child. The stability of the child and parent's behavior was also clearly defined and measured through the study, providing that there was a comprehensive understanding of the treatment procedures resulting in the maintenance of skills at the follow-up meetings, which aligns with the research questions (Bloomfield et al., 2018). The interobserver agreement provided additional information on the overall reliability of the data that was collected by the parents. The Interobserver agreement was calculated for a large portion

of treatment sessions, with an interobserver agreement of 89.7% across all trials. according to the textbook, an average of 80% IOA or better is considered an acceptable level (Ledford & Gast, 2024 pg. 122). This shows that the parents had a high level of integrity and were able to implement the protocol that was taught to them correctly. The study also assessed consultant procedural integrity and parent treatment integrity, with interobserver agreement of 100% for both consultant and parent procedural integrity (Bloomfield et al., 2018). Though humans are often the worst data collectors they are also superior to any other option (Ledford & Gast, 2024 p. 116). There is always the possibility of human error, but the researchers took many precautions to make sure the fidelity of the intervention was of a high quality. With that being said, the acceptability of teleconsultation, which was rated by the parents, is an important aspect of the intervention's social validity. The parents were given the opportunity to rate the teleconsultation on its usefulness, ease of use, and predicted usage. This was measured by using the Technology Acceptability Model-Fast Form (FF-TAM) and the Behavior Intervention Rating Scale (BIRS). The FF-TAM assessed the acceptability of technology on factors included above while on the other hand, the BIRS measured the parent's perceptions of treatment acceptability and perceived effectiveness of the behavioral interventions. These measures provided a comprehensive assessment of the social validity and acceptability of the teleconsultation approach for feeding services (Bloomfield et al., 2018). These rating scales worked to provide clear and concise information about how the parents perceived the overall effectiveness of teleconsultation for addressing their child's feeding concerns. Since the rating was high it shows that the procedure explained over telecommunication was clear and easy to follow for the parents. Overall, these variables facilitate a clear understanding of what the study is measuring and how it is measuring it. Bloomfield, B. S., Fischer, A. J., Clark, R. R., & Dove, M. B. (2018). Treatment of food selectivity in a child with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder through parent teleconsultation. Behavior Analysis in Practice , 12 (1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617- 018-0251-y Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2024a). Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and Behavioral Sciences . Routledge. Questions 4 What are the independent variables? It is ok to list the independent variables. An explanation is not needed for this question 1. The use of different reinforcement schedules (FR1 and FR2) and the introduction of new targeted foods during the intervention. 2. The use of Teleconsultation between parents and researchers to teach intervention 3. The feeding intervention implemented by the parents.

Questions 5: Are the independent variables clearly defined? Consider the procedural details, procedural fidelity, and measures of social validity. Explain your rationale using citations from the textbook. Yes, the independent variables in the study are clearly defined. The textbook describes an independent variable as what you are looking to change (Ledford & Gast, 2018). So, the independent variable is what is being manipulated or altered to influence the dependent variable, also seen as an intervention. The study clearly defined and implemented specific behavioral feeding procedures taught to the parents over teleconsultation to increase the consumption of nonpreferred foods. The use of different reinforcement schedules ( FR1 and FR2) and the introduction of new targeted foods, once other foods had met the criteria for mastery, were laid out in a way that was written clearly within the article and was easy to follow (Bloomfield et al., 2018). Each step of the feeding intervention was detailed and thoroughly explained to the parent over telecommunication. According to the textbook, this is crucial to research because, with a greater amount of specificity and clarity, there can be more effective documentation taken that can be communicated to participants, readers, or other stakeholders (Ledford & Gast, 2024 p. 99). These details included how the parents would introduce new foods, how they would respond when bites were accepted, how they would respond when behaviors occurred, what would take place to increase the number of bites taken, and more. The procedure of implementation must be clear to ensure that the intervention has a high level of social validity. According to the textbook, there are three dimensions of social validity, goal, procedure, and outcome (Ledford & Gast, 2024 p. 142). The goal of this study was to increase food consumption in a child who was not eating a wide variety of food, the procedure to do so was detailed and all-encompassing to ensure success, and the outcome would be for this child to consume a wider variety of foods which would increase nutrition inherently increasing their quality of life, showing this research’s social validity. Overall, this ensured that the extent to which the parents could implement the intervention was of high treatment integrity and was effectively measured. According to the textbook, procedural fidelity can be defined as the degree to which all procedures of all experimental conditions are implemented as intended by the researchers (Ledford & Gast, 2024 p. 134). With that being said, the study provides an overall detailed description of the experimental design that was used. The study also clearly describes the specific procedures that were implemented throughout the study. The researchers used all measures possible to ensure the parents' implementation of this intervention had all the tools necessary to successfully follow the design to the letter and produce results to answer the original research questions. All of these factors contributed to a clear definition of the independent variables found in this study. The study provides a detailed description of the experimental design, intervention procedures, and measurement tools, ensuring a clear definition of the independent variables. Overall, the article has clearly defined the independent variables according to the research questions through the use of the specific intervention procedures, the treatment integrity criteria, as well as the measurement tools all of which work to support the study's overall objectives.

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Bloomfield, B. S., Fischer, A. J., Clark, R. R., & Dove, M. B. (2018). Treatment of food selectivity in a child with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder through parent teleconsultation. Behavior Analysis in Practice , 12 (1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617- 018-0251-y Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2024a). Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and Behavioral Sciences . Routledge. Question 6: Based on the information provided, can you implement this study in your practice? What additional information is needed? Explain your rationale using citations from the textbook. Based on the information provided in the article, yes, the implementation of this study within my practice is possible. The study's detailed descriptions of experimental design, intervention procedures, measurement tools, and assessment of treatment integrity offer a solid foundation for successful replication that could be done with a different group of participants. The study was also very detailed in describing all methods used along the way. According to our textbook, the methods section is the main body of the research, providing a detailed plan for the study. This plan is made up of 3 parts, the participants, the setting, and the procedure. (Ledford & Gast, 2024, p. 60). The researchers made sure to cover each of these 3 sections with as much detail as possible. For example, the incorporation of the Technology Acceptability Model-Fast Form (FF- TAM) and the Behavior Intervention Rating Scale (BIRS) for assessing technology acceptability and perceived intervention effectiveness provides valuable insights for future practitioners. "It is through replication that we reduce the margin of error and increase confidence that findings that withstand repeated tests are real, and not accidental" (Ledford & Gast, 2024, p. 79). The operational definition and clear explanation of independent and dependent variables helped to contribute to the study's replicability. Also, the study's inclusion of information regarding procedural fidelity, IOA, and stability of the child and parent’s behavior enhances the study's overall transparency throughout the process. The research's discussion of their found limitations and challenges that were encountered, such as the need for consistent parent participation during sessions and data collection changes, will be helpful information to those who replicate this study in the future because they will learn from the previous researcher's mistakes or missteps. "Through the replication process, the science of human behavior is advanced and our ability to design effective and efficient instructional and treatment programs enhanced" (Ledford & Gast, 2024, p. 95). This will add a layer of wisdom for those considering a similar implementation and help them have a more successful study. Future replication is not only for the new researchers but for the original researchers as well, as the textbook quotes, "The soundest empirical test of the reliability of data is provided by replication" (Sidman, 1960, p.70) To sum up, this study offers a large amount of information that can be a valuable resource for potential implementation within my practice. The study's overall transparency, methodological clarity, and insightful lessons learned from challenges add to its overall applicability. It also serves as a framework for other future practitioners who build upon this research to enhance the overall impact of this study.

Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2024a). Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and Behavioral Sciences . Routledge. Sidman, M. (1960). tactics of scientific research-evaluating experimental data in psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books. In conclusion, the wealth of information provided in the study renders it a valuable resource for potential implementation within my practice. The transparency, methodological clarity, and lessons learned from challenges contribute to the study's overall applicability, guiding future practitioners in adapting and building upon the research to enhance the science of human behavior in their respective settings.

AC 2

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