PSYCH 201 W06

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Brigham Young University, Idaho *

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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PSYCH 201 W06 Focus: Reading Reflections Questions Instructions: Read Chapter 7, "Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood," on pages 214–255, to thoroughly complete this study guide, which will help you study for the exam. If you understand these answers (and can explain them to someone else), you will be more prepared to do well on the unit exam. Question: Answer: 1. What aspects of brain development underlie the tremendous gains in language, thinking, and motor control of early childhood? Aspects of brain development underlying the gains in language, thinking, and motor control during early childhood include: a. Synaptic pruning: Refinement of neural connections by eliminating unused synapses, enhancing efficiency in brain functioning. b. Myelination: Insulating neural fibers with a fatty substance speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses and improves coordination and control. c. Lateralization: Specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the brain, facilitating the development of language, spatial skills, and other abilities. d. Prefrontal cortex development: Maturation of the prefrontal cortex, leading to improvements in attention, impulse control, and planning abilities. e. Language development: Growth in brain areas related to language processing, supporting vocabulary expansion and grammar acquisition. f. Motor cortex refinement: Continued motor cortex development, enabling fine motor skills and precise movements. 2. What stands on the nature– nurture issue do findings on the development of handedness support? Explain, using research findings. Findings on the development of handedness support a complex interaction between nature and nurture. Research indicates: Genetic predisposition: Left-handedness tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. Environmental influences: Environmental factors such as cultural practices and prenatal experiences also play a role in handedness. Interaction between genes and environment: Both genetic predispositions and environmental factors contribute to the development of handedness.

3. Researching malnutrition or unintentional injuries shows how physical growth and health in early childhood result from a continuous, complex interplay between heredity and environment. Physical growth and health in early childhood result from the interplay between heredity and environment: Malnutrition: Malnutrition can lead to stunted growth and developmental delays, but interventions such as improved nutrition can mitigate these effects. Unintentional injury: Environmental factors such as safety measures and supervision can prevent injuries, highlighting the role of the environment in promoting health. Immunization: Immunization programs prevent the spread of diseases, reducing the impact of infectious diseases on physical health. 4. three critical changes in the symbolic mastery of make-believe play exist. List and describe these changes. What is dual representation? Discuss the limitations of preoperational thought from Piaget’s point of view. Changes in the symbolic mastery of make-believe play include: Increased imagination: Children play more elaborate and imaginative pretend sports, incorporating complex scenarios and roles. Understanding of dual representation: Children develop the ability to understand that an object can symbolize something else, such as a block representing a car in pretend play. Limitations of preoperational thought: Piaget noted that preoperational study is characterized by egocentrism, centration, and lack of conservation, which can hinder children's problem- solving abilities. Dual representation: Dual representation refers to the understanding that a symbol (such as a map or a drawing) can represent itself and something else (like a real-world location or object). 5. What is private speech, and when is it used? What is scaffolding? Private speech is self-directed speech children use to regulate their thoughts and behaviors. It is often used during challenging tasks or problem-solving situations to help children organize their thoughts and plan their actions. Scaffolding involves providing temporary support or assistance to help a child accomplish a task or goal. This support is gradually withdrawn as the child becomes more competent. 6. Discuss how adults can support language development in early childhood. Adults can support language development in early childhood by: Engaging in conversations: Having meaningful conversations with children helps to expand their vocabulary and language

skills. Reading together: Reading books with children promotes language development and literacy skills. Providing rich language input: Exposing children to various words and language structures helps broaden their language abilities. Encouraging storytelling: Encouraging children to tell stories and express themselves verbally fosters language development and creativity. 7. Understanding the foundations of self-concept, how would we expect a preschooler to describe themselves? Describe the development of self-esteem in preschool years. Preschoolers typically describe themselves in concrete, observable terms, such as physical characteristics or preferences. In preschool, self-esteem develops as children compare themselves to others and receive feedback from parents, teachers, and peers. Positive feedback and encouragement increase self- esteem, while criticism or negative comparisons can lower self- esteem. 8. What emotional self-regulation strategies would a preschooler employ? Which method should decline? Preschoolers employ various emotional self-regulation strategies, including distraction, seeking support from adults, and simple coping mechanisms like taking deep breaths or counting to calm down. Over time, reliance on external support from adults should decline as children develop more internalized self- regulation strategies. 9. Describe Mildred Parten’s three- step sequence of social development, including follow-up research on peer sociability. Mildred Parten's three-step sequence of social development includes: Nonsocial activity: Children play alone or engage in solitary activities. Parallel play: Children play alongside each other with minimal interaction. Associative play: Children engage in more interactive play, sharing materials and communicating. Follow-up research on peer sociability has found that peer interactions become increasingly important in promoting social skills and emotional development during early childhood. 10. Compare and contrast induction and positive discipline. Induction involves explaining the reasons behind rules or consequences to children, promoting the internalization of moral

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What are the benefits of each? values, and understanding results. Positive discipline reinforces desirable behaviors through praise, rewards, or positive reinforcement. Both approaches have benefits: induction promotes moral reasoning and empathy, while positive discipline encourages cooperation and self-esteem.

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