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The final paper: a review of personality The final paper: a review of personality Tanyi Taku e. Tanyi Personality (Psy –3306-D61) Oliivia Kuljian June 26,2023
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Tanyi 74 Before taking this course, my understanding of human personality was limited and influenced by popular stereotypes and common beliefs. I saw personality as a fixed set of traits and characteristics that determined how individuals behaved and interacted with the world. I did not fully appreciate the complexity and multidimensionality of human personality.
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Tanyi 75 My previous view of personality was shaped by societal norms and preconceived notions. People's personalities were predetermined, and their behavior was determined by these traits. I believed that individuals could be neatly categorized as introverted or extroverted, organized, or disorganized, agreeable, or disagreeable, and so on. This simplistic perspective left no room for nuance or variation within individuals.
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Tanyi 76 However, as I progressed through this course, my perspective on human personality underwent a significant transformation. I was exposed to a wealth of knowledge and research that challenged my previous assumptions and broadened my understanding. I began to grasp the intricacies and multidimensionality of personality, realizing that it is far more complex and dynamic than I had previously assumed.
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Tanyi 77 Among the theories, the Five-Factor Model (Big Five) particularly caught my attention due to its comprehensive framework. It encompasses multiple dimensions of personality, including openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The model acknowledges the complexity of human personality and provides a valuable lens to analyze individual differences. I appreciate its ability to capture broad aspects of personality while allowing for variations within each trait. Social-Cognitive Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura in 1986, is a perspective that I agree with due to its emphasis on the interaction between individuals and their social environment in shaping personality. According to this theory, personality development is influenced by both personal factors and the social context in which individuals operate. Bandura highlights the role of observational learning, stating that individuals acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs by observing others and imitating their actions. This process of modeling plays a crucial role in shaping personality as individuals learn from the behavior and experiences of others. Self-efficacy, which refers to an individual's belief that they can succeed in specific tasks or situations, is another aspect of Social-Cognitive Theory. According to Bandura, self-efficacy beliefs have a significant impact on an individual's behavior, motivation, and personality development in general. Self-efficacious individuals are more likely to set challenging goals, persist against obstacles, and exhibit adaptive behaviors, whereas those with low self-efficacy may feel helpless and avoid obstacles. Trait Theory, as proposed by Costa and McCrae in 1985, is another theory that I agree with. This theory suggests that individuals possess stable and enduring personality traits that influence their behavior and experiences. Traits are consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and
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Tanyi 78 behaviors that characterize individuals across different situations. Trait Theory provides a useful framework for understanding and categorizing individual differences in personality. Trait Theory identifies specific dimensions of personality, such as extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. These traits capture fundamental aspects of an individual's personality and provide a basis for understanding their typical behavior and reactions. I find this approach valuable as it helps in predicting and explaining consistent patterns of behavior and understanding how individuals differ from one another in terms of personality. Expanding on Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud, 1900) places emphasis on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in shaping personality. Sigmund Freud's work, including his book "The Interpretation of Dreams," provides an in-depth exploration of this theory. Biological Theory (Eysenck, 1967) suggests that personality is determined by biological factors. Hans Eysenck's book "The Biological Basis of Personality" delves into the biological perspective on personality. Behaviorist Theory (Skinner, 1953) focuses on observable behavior and the influence of external stimuli. B.F. Skinner's book "Science and Human Behavior" outlines the principles of behaviorism and its application to understanding human behavior. The Humanistic Theory, proposed by Carl Rogers in 1959, is another perspective I find appealing. Personal growth and self-actualization play a significant role in determining a person's personality. The drive to achieve personal growth and fulfillment is innate in everyone, according to Rogers. An important aspect of humanistic theory is that it emphasizes subjective experience and the importance of everyone's unique viewpoint. Rogers emphasized the importance of creating a supportive and empathic therapeutic environment that allows individuals to explore their true selves and develop a positive self-
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Tanyi 79 concept. The theory emphasizes the role of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and the pursuit of personal goals aligned with one's authentic self. It recognizes the individual's subjective experiences, values, and personal meaning as essential factors in shaping personality. In conclusion, this course has transformed my understanding of human personality, recognizing its complexity and dynamic nature. The Five-Factor Model, Social-Cognitive Theory, and Trait Theory have broadened my perspective, while Psychoanalytic, Biological, and Behaviorist Theories fail to capture the intricacies of personality development.
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Tanyi 80 References Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Psychological Assessment Resources. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Transaction Publishers. Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. Macmillan. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184-256). McGraw-Hill. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. Free Press.
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