Child210_w02dearabby_MelissaFifita

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Feb 20, 2024

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Chapter 02: Letter 1 Dear Abby, It seems someone in my family is always having a crisis. My older daughter is always worried about boys, my teenage son seems lost and uncomfortable in his own body, and my youngest girl refuses to give up diapers and move to the toilet. I’ve heard the theorist Erik Erikson believed crisis was part of life and that it opened the door to growth. Is this true? What are the basic principles of his theory and what recommendations would you offer a frustrated parent for working through these issues? Crazy in Concord Dear Crazy in Concord, As you have mentioned about Erik Erikson believed crisis was a part of life is true with his theory. He believed that a developmental crisis as a child is what molds your life pattern as an adult. Erik Erikson describes eight developmental stages that characterizes this crisis: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair Berger, K. S. (2020). For example, in the initiative vs. guilt stage, children from ages 3-6 years create their own activities that goes beyond what their parents or even their culture would expect. For instance, your own daughter refusing to give up diapers and be potty trained. As a parent we expect them to be trained at the set age society may have modeled, but it is not the case at times. Erikson thought those initial attempts given from these children produces feelings of either positive motivation or lack of success, depending on the reaction of the parents or adults . In Berger, K. S. (2020), “According to Erikson’s theory, a child will feel guilty lifelong if adults are too critical or if social norms are too strict regarding the young child’s initiatives” (p. 37). You can find which stages given by Erikson and apply the applications that best suits your children’s situation. Each child’s outcome at each stage of life will all be different and never the same. You will have to find which one will work the best for you and your child. Good luck! Abby Chapter 02: Letter 2 Dear Abby, I’m looking at various preschool programs for my daughter. Several have mentioned that they follow the ideas of Piaget or the ideas of Vygotsky. I’m not sure what that really means; can you enlighten me? Searching in Sacramento

Dear Searching in Sacramento, Lev Vygotsky theory was focused on socialcultural. He believed people learned behavior are developed from their community. He also believed that children learn when they are directed a certain way by their parents, teachers, and other people. This process is called guided participation. For example, when a mother teaches her child how to make a batch of cookies. Step by step a mother will explain each ingredient for the recipe and would have the child do the same step as she, with this guided participation the mother becomes a mentor for the child Berger, K. S. (2020). Jean Piaget theory suggested that a child’s cognitive development transforms as they grow. He believed that the surroundings and environment alter the development of the child as they grow and how they perceive the world at the different stages in their life. These stages are from birth to 24 months called sensorimotor, 2 to 7 years called preoperational, 7-11 years called concrete operational, and adolescent to adulthood called formal operational. For example, ages 2-6 years the preoperational stage, Berge K.S. (2020), “Children think symbolically, with language, yet children are egocentric, perceiving from their own experience” (pp. 40-41). The gain from this stage is a child’s imagination grows vastly, and their language voices their self, Berge K.S. (2020). Each idea from both theorists is poignant in a child’s development. Both have unique styles that may effectively achieve what you as a parent are looking for in a preschool program for your child. Abby Chapter 02: Letter 3 Dear Abby, Last week, my child aggressively lashed out, much more violently than usual. I was surprised and asked why she acted that way. She responded, “Bethany (her best friend) does it!” Thinking back to my high school psychology class, I recall learning about modeling behaviors. Is my child watching others model these behaviors? What research is there to show that children learn behaviors rather than are born with them? Who does a child desire to model after in most cases and why? Lashing out in Los Angeles Dear Lashing out in Los Angeles, In Berger K.S. (2020), behaviorists at first believed all behavior came from taught responses, effected of “(1) association between one stimulus and another (classical conditioning) or (2) past reinforcement (operant conditioning)” (p.40). They realized this was not the case, people in general respond more, “They act on the environment. They create it, preserve it, transform it, and

even destroy it…” through social interplay (Bandura, 2006, p. 167). Albert Bandura developed a theory that this learning transpires through modeling, an observation applied from people imitating from each other. Albert Bandura explains learning is frequently transpired through this process of modeling. Its more than just copying what one does, it is following others and merging into an individual modeled by others. Children more likely to imitate those that are the same gender and the people of their surroundings, Berger K.S. (2020). In result of your child’s behavior, an aggressive outburst, was modeled by her friend Bethany. Bandura shares sometimes people may do the opposite than what they have seen. With your explanation of why her actions were inappropriate, maybe your child will be more selected of behaviors she may imitate from her friend. Hope this helps! Abby

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