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Attachment in Children and Adults and Trauma Recovery Yvonne Williams Foundations for Graduate Study in Marriage and Family Therapy Northcentral University Trauma and Family Therapy MFT-6611 - Week Two Dr. Chase

Attachment Theory Key Figures • John Bolwby was an influential psychologist who introduced attachment theory, or the idea that early bonds play a crucial role in functioning. His research on child development had an important impact on our understanding of human development and continues to influence modern- day psychology, education, childcare, and parenting (Cherry, 2023). • Mary Ainsworth is the other key figure in the foundation of attachment theory. Mary Ainsworth's attachment theory is a culmination of her work in Uganda, with the Baltimore Project, and John Bowlby's theories of research and development. Her theory states that children and infants need to develop a secure dependence on their parents before seeking unfamiliar situations (Cherry, 2023).

Early Childhood Attachment Theory • The emotional bond between a human infant or a young nonhuman animal and its parent figure or caregiver; it is developed as a step in establishing a feeling of security and demonstrated by calmness while in the parent’s or caregiver’s presence (American Psychological Association, 2023). • It then becomes an engine of subsequent social, emotional, and cognitive development. The early social experience of the infant stimulates growth of the brain and can have an enduring influence on the ability to form stable relationships with others (Psychology Today, 2019). • Attachment provides the infant's first coping system; it sets up a mental representation of the caregiver in an infant's mind, one that can be summoned up as a comforting mental presence in difficult moments. Attachment allows an infant to separate from the caregiver without distress and to begin to explore the world around her (Psychology Today, 2019).

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Adult Attachment Theory • Adult attachment is guided by the assumption that the same motivational system that gives rise to the close emotional bond between parents and their children is responsible for the bond that develops between adults in emotionally intimate relationships (Fraley, 2018) • Adult romantic relationships, like infant- caregiver relationships, are attachments, and that romantic love is a property of the attachment behavioral system, as well as the motivational systems that give rise to caregiving and sexuality (Fraley, 2018).

What is Attachment Styles • Attachment styles are characterized by different ways of interacting and behaving in relationships (Cherry, 2022). • During early childhood, these attachment styles center on how children and parents interact (Cherry, 2022). • In adulthood, attachment styles describe attachment patterns in romantic relationships(Cherry, 2022). • Four types of attachment: • Secure • Ambivalent • Avoidant • Disorganized

What is Trauma • Trauma is an emotional response to a terrible event like an accident, rape, or natural disaster. Immediately after the event, shock and denial are typical. Longer term reactions include unpredictable emotions, flashbacks, strained relationships, and even physical symptoms like headaches or nausea (APA, 2021). • A percentage of people who experience traumas have clinically diagnosable post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but many more have trauma-related symptoms like physiological reactivity to triggers, panic attacks, chronic anxiety, feelings of anger or numbness, or a loss of trust ( How Traumas Create Negative Patterns in Relationships , n.d.).

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How Does Trauma Impacts Attachments • Attachment trauma translates to the overwhelming experience of feeling alone in the midst of an unbearable emotional state or, worse, realizing that the attachment person itself is the cause of overwhelming distress (Lahousen et al., 2019). • It causes a shattering emotional distress and undermines the ability to effectively regulate this emotional distress. And it is usually incompatible with the development of a mature mentalization (Lahousen et al., 2019). • Exposition to a traumatizing attachment figure impairs the basic ability to achieve a secure attachment at all levels. It leads to the formative expectation that all relationships are dominated by mistrust (Lahousen et al., 2019).

How Can Trauma Impact a Victim’s/Survivor’s Relationships Trauma survivors may have trouble with their close family relationships or friendships. A victim’s/survivor trauma can cause challenges in a relationship with: • Trusting their partner • Communication • Problem Solving • Closeness with their partner • Traumas can lead you to choose unhealthy partners and stay with them too long •How Might Loved Ones React? • Partners, friends, or family members may feel hurt, cut off, or down because the survivor has not been able to get over the trauma. Loved ones may become angry or distant toward the survivor. They may feel pressured, tense, and controlled. The survivor's symptoms can make a loved one feel like he or she is living in a war zone or in constant threat of danger. Living with someone who has PTSD can sometimes lead the partner to have some of the same feelings of having been through trauma ( Relationships - PTSD: National Center for PTSD , n.d.).

What is Trauma Recovery • Recovery is the ability to live in the present without being overwhelmed by the thoughts and feelings of the past ( Phases of Trauma Recovery , n.d.). • Recovery does not necessarily mean complete freedom from post traumatic affects but generally it is the ability to live in the present without being overwhelmed by the thoughts and feelings of the past ( Phases of Trauma Recovery , n.d.). • Trauma recovery is best to be looked upon as a process that is worked on over time and in intentional stages ( Phases of Trauma Recovery , n.d.). • Safety and Stabilization • Remembrance and Mourning • Reconnection and Integration

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How can family members and other systemically connected individuals assist in the process of recovery from trauma? • Create a support system that consist of comfort and safety. • A support system can include mentors, people who can guide, teach and challenge us in respectful, compassionate ways. They might be teachers, spiritual leaders or spiritual advisors, elders and cultural leaders. A support system might and can also include professionals such as family physicians, nurses and other health care providers, mental health workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, EAP (Employee Assistance Program) counsellors and many others ( Phases of Trauma Recovery , n.d.).

References • A Brief Overview of Adult Attachment Theory and Research | R. Chris Fraley . (n.d.). Labs.psychology.illinois.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from http://labs.psychology.illinois.edu/~rcfraley/attachment.htm#:~:text=%E2%99%A6 • American Psychological Association. (2023). APA Dictionary of Psychology . Dictionary.apa.org. https://dictionary.apa.org/attachment • APA. (2021). Trauma and Shock. American Psychological Association . https://www.apa.org/topics/trauma • Benoit, D. (2004). Infant-Parent Attachment: Definition, Types, Antecedents, Measurement and Outcome. Paediatrics & Child Health , 9 (8), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/9.8.541 • Cherry, K. (2022, May 26). The Different Types of Attachment Styles . Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/attachment-styles-2795344 • Cherry, K. (2023, September 12). John Bowlby Biography (1907-1990) . Verywell Mind; Verywellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/john-bowlby-biography-1907-1990-2795514 • How Traumas Create Negative Patterns in Relationships . (n.d.). Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201908/how-traumas-create-negative-patterns-in- relationships • Lahousen, T., Unterrainer, H. F., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2019). Psychobiology of attachment and trauma—some general remarks from a clinical perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry , 10 (914). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00914 • Psychology Today. (2019). Attachment | Psychology Today . Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/attachment • Relationships - PTSD: National Center for PTSD . (n.d.). Www.ptsd.va.gov. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/family/effect_relationships.asp#:~:text=Survivors%20with%20PTSD%20may%20feel

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