277f7141-649d-4afc-96de-fcec0a2bd197

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School

University of Texas, El Paso *

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4388

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Psychology

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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pdf

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Uploaded by ProfessorMask18402

RED questions are wrong! Put right answer beside it in BLACK. BLACK questions are correct 1. Georgia was ecstatic! The second line on the assured pregnancy test had finally appeared, and after months of trying she was pregnant. She was at the end of her trimester and going to see her OBGYN today for an ultrasound. She realized that the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain and spinal cord had already first specialized into 3 brain regions by __ weeks and that her baby would look like a baby at this point. -4 weeks 2. During leukemogenesis (development of leukemia), T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells can enter the brain using a G protein- coupled receptor called CCR7. In this case the leukemia is able to avoid chemotherapy that is given to the patient in the blood because of the blood brain barrier. The blood brain barrier is? - A highly selective structure form by astrocyte foot processes that shelters the brain from toxins, fluctuations in hormones, ions and neuroactive substances in the blood. 3. Your gastrointestinal system is resting and digesting. This all changes when a 8 foot tall grizzly bear and her cubs cross your path, not noticing you, you feel your heart race and sweat running down your face. Resting/digesting and fight/fright are products of your bodys? - Sympathetic and somatic branches of your endocrine system 4. All of the following senses are non-neuronal receptors except - Balance - Non-neuronal receptors: hair cells in ear, photoreceptors in eye (rods + cones) 5. Which of the following neurons relays signaling entirely inside of the central nervous system?

- (p.227) Interneurons of the CNS are C, E, and F

6. The brain spinal cord are the integrating center from homeostasis, movement and emergent properties such as (select all answers that apply) - intelligence , consciousness, emotion 7. It has been speculated by american neurologist that van gogh cut off his own ear and eventually killed himself due to ____ which is characterized by attacks of dizziness, nausea and overwhelming tinnitus. - Meniere's disease 8. ______ behaviors such as crying when we are sad or yelling loudly at the TV when the referee makes the wrong call during a football game are related to how we feel or our emotions. - Affective (emotion) (p.272) - Opposite is cognitive which is related to thinking 9. A key characteristic of cardiac muscle cells, that distinguishes it from skeletal muscle, is that although both tissues are striated, only cardiac muscle contains____ - Intercalated discs

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10. During neurological signaling event, the neurotransmitter is stored in and released from (select all that apply) - Axon terminals, synaptic vesicles 11. The region human brain which regulates emotions and is involved in memory and learning is called the ____ and consists of_____ - Limbic system? Consists of amygdala, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus 12. At the university of texas at el paso students in dr. khans lab attempts to map trajectories that nerves follow in the body to control different behaviors. By some estimates ___ nerve cells link together to form the human central system - Billions 13. In the parasympathetic pathway, postganglionic nerves release which of the following neurotransmitters onto which of the following receptors to regulate muscle tone? - Acetylcholine: muscarinic receptors (remember parasympathetic is involved in rest adn relaxation) 14. Liz finally won miss el paso. She was overcome by a feeling of joy and accomplishment. She worked hard and lost 80lbs. Tears streamed down her cheeks. Crying and experiencing joy and satisfaction are all examples of what behaviors? - Affective behavior 15. Which of the two systems below are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system? -sympathetic and parasympathetic 16. Up until this point in the class, we have learned that the depolarizing phase of an action potential can result from - Na+ or K+ flow into the cell 17. Your friend is desperately trying to remember which branch of the autonomic nervous system has neurons that emerge only from the brainstem or the sacral region of the spine, and synapse close to the target organ. You draw the knowledge that you have from BIOL 4388 course and state - That is the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system - In contrast, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system has preganglionic neurons that emerge form the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord (closer to heart and lungs)

18. In humans, olfactory receptors are which class of proteins - G-protein coupled receptors 19. George sat down to take his test. He's been reading his text book each evening, and has set aside 4 hours each day to review course material, while practicing questions for himself and listening to the course lectures. He was confident that he had mastered the material for the exam, and found it quite easy to earn his A. what type of behaviors are related to georges thinking - Cognitive 20. Epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic pathway. In this case which of the following events take place to promote sympathetic of cardiac muscles - Sympathetic neurons which originate from the thoracic or lumbar regions of the spine, release acetylcholine onto chromaffin cells within the adrenal medulla. The chromaffin cells produce epinephrine, which diffuses into the bloodstream and can act on target organs which express adrenergic receptors. 21. Olfactory or odorant receptors, found within the mucus layer of the nose, that contain cilia are - Chemoreceptors that travel straight from the nose to the first cranial nerve and olfactory bulb in the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum 22. All of the following statements regarding the absolute refractory period of an action potential are true EXCEPT - Allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first - We know that during the absolute refractory period, no stimulus can trigger another action potential

23. Within some areas of the body, nerve cells have long thin extensions that at their longest, can extend up to ____ in length - A meter 24. Its 12 noon and you are eating a sandwich, having a severe cold, while you know the meat you are eating is salty, your nose is salty, you cannot breathe out of it, and you are unable to tell whether you are eating ham or chicken and you don't have any interest in the food. What is the MOST LIKELY explanation for your inability to determine what you are eating? - While taste buds allow you to determine the food is salty, odorants must dissolve and reach your olfactory receptors to be able to smell the food. The thick mucus in your sinus would prevent the odorants from reaching the receptors. 25. Describing the __________, we are normally referring to both afferent and efferent neurons together. - Peripheral nervous system (PNS), divided into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) 26. During a neurological signaling event, once the signal reaches the ____ the signaling event is carried down the length of the axon. - presynaptic neuron? This isn’t the answer bc the presynaptic neuron is at the bottom/distal end of the axon. I think the answer could be axon hillock , bc that is where the trigger zone is before the AP enters the axon. 27. Do you have just completed your training as an assistant at the county morgue you have been assigned to make sections of all brands of patients who died of unexpected causes the morgue Director asks you to focus on preparing microscope slides of gray matter since I am looking for a stroke us attack this virus which seems to enter the nucleus of cells an integrate into the DNA where it transcribes clotting proteins leading to an ischemic stroke what is an ischemic stroke? - two of the answers are correct - We know that Ischemia is the lack of adequate blood flow, reduces oxygen.( occurs during myocardial infarction) (heart attack) 28. You are working in a lab studying skeletal muscles by putting them into a state of rigor by removing the ATP. WHICH of the following images below depicts the skeletal muscles on which you are working - B and D

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29. Its 6:00 and your significant other's parents are due to visit you at your apartment any minute. You're making rolls and without thinking you pick up the oven mitt with the hole in the side and as you grab the dinner rolls. Even before you feel the searing heal you reflexively withdraw your hand leaving the rolls in the oven. What is the neurological pathway to the brain that tells you that you burned your hand - Activation of nociceptors the thermoreceptors via pseudounipolar nerves enter your ventral root ganglion enter and descend the spinal tract, where the synapse with secondary sensory neurons in the medulla oblongata. The neurons cross the spinal tract in the pyramids and project to you primary somatic sensory cortex and you feel the BURN. - Activation of nociceptors (pain and itch) the thermoreceptors (sense heat, temperature ) via pseudounipolar nerves enter your DORSAL root ganglion enter and ASCEND the spinal tract, where they synapse with SECONDARY sensory neurons in the MEDULLA

OBLONGATA . The neurons cross the spinal tract in the PYRAMIDS and project to you PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX and you feel the BURN. (p.316) 30. It’s 3 o’clock in the morning and you’re living in Antarctica it is completely dark outside and inside the station you are fumbling around in the dark to locate your watch to determine if it’s day or night since the sun does not come up at all this time of year during this time your ____ bipolar cells are activated and are responding to____ - Rod; low levels of light (I hope this was a choice) idk what else it would be 31. The brain consumes ____% of the body's ___. Therefore diabetic. If homeostasis fails, hypoglycemia can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, death or even coma. - About 50%: glucose 32. The vestibular apparatus is filled with _____,_____ secreted continuously and drains from the inner ear into the venous sinus in the dura mater of the brain. - High K+, low Na+ 33. Walking along the floor in your bedroom at 3 AM in the darkness you have not turned on the light so that you’re not fully awake on your way to the bathroom. You stub your toe on the edge of the bed. The excruciating sensation of the pain that you feel is transmitted along ___ neurons. Select all that apply - sensory , afferent 34. A 27 year old woman is admitted 40 weeks pregnant who appears to be suffering from very long contractions. The obstetrician asks you to swab the lumbar region in anticipation of lumbar puncture. Which of the regions marked would be the site you would scrub? - E 35. A three-year-old child has just been given a Batman cape on Halloween his mother was in the kitchen putting the finishing touches on a cake for school when she heard a scream. She found George on the floor with a bump on an open bleeding cut on the

rostral region of his school his mother race George to the emergency room and the physician ordered an x-ray of the rostral region which area was a physician examining? - A 36. The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons that regulate It can regulate - Cardiac muscle - • Smooth muscle - • Exocrine glands/cells - • Some endocrine glands/cells - • Some adipose tissue 37. You’re in Antarctica. It's completely dark outside and inside the station and you are fumbling around in the dark to locate your watch to determine if it’s day or night. Since the sun does not come up at all this time of year as you turn on your light you notice that the blinds over your bed are moving above the heater vent. This movement is detected by which of the following cells in your retina? - Motion detector cells - M cells (or magnocellular ganglion cells) p. 350 38. The blood brain barrier is formed by all of the following except

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- Meninges? - BBB is formed by astrocytes, pericytes, capillary lumen, basal lamina, and tight junctions (Fig. 9.5) 39. A 35 year old veteran is being treated for pain in the left leg. Analgesics had failed and doctors resorted to cutting off different sensory nerves that they hoped were causing the pain. Which site would be the most LIKELY site that the doctors would cut to treat pain? - D - The dorsal root ganglia (A) 40. The image below shows the devolving human nervous system at embryonic day 23. Ultimately, what is the fate of the purple tissue marked in the black arrow. - Central nervous system

41. Which of the following nerves contains approximately 75% of all parasympathetic nerves? - Vagus nerve 42. It has been observed that patients need to take anti-depressant drugs for weeks before the drugs have their full affect this delay suggests - The drugs are normally processed by the cingulate gyrus and then are excreted by the limbic system - Antidepressants promote the growth of new neurons, which explains the delayed onset of full action (p 297) 43. Walking along the floor in your bedroom at 3 AM in the darkness since you have not turned on the light so that you will not fully awake on your way to the bathroom you start to feel the floor vibrate and realize that we are having an earthquake the sensation of vibration that you feel is transmitted along sensory neurons which of the following neurons is a sensory neuron involved in rolling dispensation select all that apply - B (called pacinian corpuscl and is sensitive to touch)

44. George had just started living in the dorms when he developed a severe headache and by the time he arrived to the emergency room the physicians use the spinal tap in the lumbar region to determine if George had cells in his spine or cloudy fluid which would indicate meningitis at which region in the image below did the physicians remove CSF from George? - C

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45. Recently George has been experiencing problems with his visions and headaches after his MRI George has been told that he has a tumor and his visual cortex within his occipital lobe which of the following size is his occipital lobe - G 46. Which of the sites in the image shown promote absorption of CSF into the blood? - D

47. You are interviewing a 37 year old patient who is complaining of numbness in her right leg reading her chart you’ll find out that she recently had surgery to remove a tumor from her spine removal of a tumor from which of the following sides would most likely continue the loss of sensation in her leg - C , J - A, C

Ventral root- carries motor (efferent) information to muscles and glands Ventral Horn- of the gray matter contain cell bodies of motor neurons that carry efferent signals to muscles and glands. organized into somatic (body sensory) motor and autonomic nuclei. Dorsal Root - of each spinal nerve is specialized to carry incoming sensory information Dorsal Horn- of the gray matter. organized into two distinct nuclei, one for somatic( body) sensory) information and one for visceral (organs) information Autonomic 48. It’s 3 o’clock in the morning you’re living in an arctica it is completely dark outside and inside the station your family around in the dark to locate your watch to determine if it’s day or night since the sun does not come up at all this time of year as you turn on your light put in or the following events that allows you to see in the light starting with the dark adapted cell - F,K,I,H,L,J,A,G - retinal combines with option - CGMP levels are high and CNG channels are open - CGMP levels are high and CNG channels remain close

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- The cell membrane rests at -70 MV - The cell membrane rests at -40 MV - K+ channels close - K+ channels open - CNG channels close - Light bleaches rhodopsin - Neurotransmitter release decreases - neurotransmitter release is induced following depolarization of the cell - The cell hyper polarizes

277f7141-649d-4afc-96de-fcec0a2bd197

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