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ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Ethical Issues in Psychological Research Samantha Paisley Rasmussen University PSY1012: General Psychology Professor: Robert Taylor November 11, 2024 1

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Ethical Issues in Psychological Research The APA Code of Ethics guides professionals working in psychology so that they are better equipped with the knowledge of what to do when they encounter some moral or ethical dilemma. Some of these are principles or values that psychologists should aspire to uphold. In other cases, the APA outlines standards that are enforceable expectations. The five Code of Ethics Principles are; Beneficence and Non-Maleficence The first principle of the APA ethics code states that psychologists should strive to protect the rights and welfare of those with whom they work professionally. This includes the clients they see in clinical practice, animals that are involved in research and experiments, and anyone else with whom they engage in professional interaction. Fidelity and Responsibility This principle states that psychologists have a moral responsibility to help ensure that others working in their profession also upholds high ethical standards. This principle suggests that 2

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH psychologists should participate in activities that enhance the ethical compliance and conduct of their colleagues. Serving as a mentor, taking part in peer review, and pointing out ethical concerns or misconduct are examples of how this principle might be put into action. Psychologists are also encouraged to donate some of their time to the betterment of the community. Integrity This principle states that, in research and practice, psychologists should never attempt to deceive or misrepresent. For instance, in research, deception can involve fabricating or manipulating results in some way to achieve desired outcomes. Psychologists should also strive for transparency and honesty in their practice. Justice The principle of justice says that mental health professionals have a responsibility to be fair and impartial. It also states that people have a right to access and benefit from advances that have been made in the field of psychology. It is important for psychologists to treat people equally. Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity This principle states that psychologists should respect the right to dignity, privacy, and 3

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ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH confidentiality of those they work with professionally. They should also strive to minimize their own biases as well as be aware of issues related to diversity and the concerns of particular populations. For example, people may have specific concerns related to their age, socioeconomic status, race, gender, religion, ethnicity, or disability. While there are many Ethical Standards, I will only elaborate on two Competence and Privacy and Confidentiality. Competence It is important that psychologists practice within their area of expertise. When treating clients or working with the public, psychologists must make it clear what they are trained to do as well as what they are not trained to do. Privacy and Confidentiality This standard outlines psychologists’ responsibilities regarding maintaining patient confidentiality. Psychologists are obligated to take reasonable precautions to keep client information private. However, the APA also notes that there are limitations to confidentiality. Sometimes psychologists need to disclose information about their patients in order to consult with other mental health professionals, for example. While there are cases where information is 4

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH divulged, psychologists must strive to minimize these intrusions on privacy and confidentiality. Solomon Asch’s Group Think Study Solomon Asch’s research is ethically questionable. He broke several ethical guidelines , including: deception and protection from harm. Asch deliberately deceived his participants, saying that they were taking part in a vision test and not an experiment on conformity. Although it is seen as unethical to deceive participants, Asch’s experiment required deception to achieve valid results. If the participants were aware of the true aim, they would have displayed demand characteristics and acted differently. In addition, Asch’s participants were not protected from psychological harm and many of the participants reporting feeling stressed when they disagreed with the majority. However, Asch interviewed all his participants following the experiment to overcome this issue. Stanley Milgram’s Obedience study The experiment was mainly focusing on the conflict between obedience to personal conscience and authority. His main aim was to understand whether Germans were particularly 5

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH obedient (da Costa et al., 2021). The experiment is considered unethical because the people who were the participants were led to believe that they were administering a shock to real people. The individuals were unaware the learners were individuals associated with Milligram. Importantly, Milgram stated that deception was essential to get the desired results from the experiment (Alexandre & David, 2018). Phillip Zimbardo Standford Prison Study This study was hugely unethical. Prisoners were kept in unsafe, unsanitary, and dehumanizing facilities. Several of them told guards they wanted to leave, but they were refused. The three men who were removed from the study were only allowed to when researchers thought they were too traumatized to safely continue. One prisoner later lamented that he never sued the researchers over their ill treatment. Zimbardo’s study was not just unethical, it was illegal. 6

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ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH References  https://www.verywellmind.com/apa-ethical-code-guidelines- 4687465#:~:text=Principle%20A%3A%20Beneficence%20and%20Non %2DMaleficence,-The%20first%20principle&text=This%20principle %20encourages%20psychologists%20to,or%20sponsorships%20to %20influence%20results.  https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/conformity-asch- 1951#:~:text=Finally%2C%20Asch's%20research%20is%20ethically,not %20an%20experiment%20on%20conformity .  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ethics-psychology-milgram-experiment- speedy-writer#:~:text=The%20experiment%20is%20considered %20unethical,were%20individuals%20associated%20with%20Milligram. 7

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