ADOLESCENCE MIDTERM 1 STUDY GUIDE

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ADOLESCENCE MIDTERM 1 STUDY GUIDE INTRODUCTION AND CHAPTER 1 Increased exposure to artificial light may contribute to earlier pubertal development because it affects secretion of melatonin True or false: There is a strong connection between the age when puberty begins and the rate at which pubertal development proceeds. False Which of the following social factors is associated with earlier pubertal timing in girls? (Select all that apply.) Conflict-ridden households Sexual abuse Father-absent household Kelsie is a graduate student who is interested in how being early or late to mature affects a group of adolescents' psychological development over time. Kelsie's interests are best measured using the Longitudinal design. Identify the two anthropologists who were among the most important in the study of adolescence. (Select all that apply.) Ruth Benedict Margaret Mead Early-maturing boys are more likely than their later-maturing peers to do which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Get involved in minor delinquency Be truant from school Have academic problems Use drugs and alcohol The impact of being bullied is greater for ( early /late)- maturing adolescents. Listen to the complete question Which of the following is the first stage of adolescence? Puberty Kendra and Philip are both early-maturing adolescents. Which statement is true, according to research? Both Kendra and Phil are at-risk for becoming involved in problem behavior. Middle adolescence covers the age range of 14-17 years. According to research on the consequences of pubertal timing, which of the following girls will have the most difficult time adjusting to puberty? Lainey, who is an overweight early mature Which of the following individuals is considered the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence? Stanley Hall

Which of the following theorists are considered organismic? Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Sigmund Freud Which of the following theories stresses the context in which behavior takes place? Learning In a(n) l ongitudinal study, researchers follow the same group of individuals over time. Which of the following best describes how sociological theories treat adolescents? As a large group Researchers refer to the development of the gonads as an example of primary sex characteristics. True or false : The risk factors associated with early maturation among girls (for example, depression and eating disorders) are directly related to the hormonal changes of puberty. The biosocial view of adolescence stresses the hormonal and physical changes of puberty as the driving forces. Organismic theorists take into account how contextual forces affect the biological changes of adolescence. Dr. Martinez studies the psychological and social consequences of puberty. Her research often compares individuals who are in different stages of puberty. This approach is called a(n) cross- sectional study. Puberty has three (3) chief physical manifestations. Which of the following is true of early-maturing girls? They have more emotional difficulties than their peers. Which of the following individuals is considered the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence? G. Stanley Hall The endocrine system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones. Glands are organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways. True or false: The HPG axis develops before adolescence. In females, the gonads are known as ovaries . (testes for males) Chronic levels of the stress hormone cortisol can cause brain cells to die.

True or false : Because levels of testosterone are higher among males than females while the brain is developing, males usually end up with a more "androgynous" brain than females. Researchers categorize the growth of pubic, facial, and body hair under the label of secondary sex characteristics. Which of the following plays a part in stimulating the adolescent growth spurt? (Select all that apply.) Thyroid hormones Growth hormones Androgens Many of the hormones that play important roles at puberty carry their instructions by activating certain neurons in the brain, called gonadotropin- releasing hormone neurons.

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CHAPTER 2 When we are self-conscious , we are thinking about how others think about us. Rhianna, age 15, is able to draw logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises. This means Rhianna is capable of deductive reasoning . The increase in speed of information processing occurs mainly in early adolescence . Brain function refers to patterns of brain activity. The dendrite is the receiving part of the neuron, and the axon carries information away from the cell body to other cells. The process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing, is called synaptic pruning . During adolescence, pruning of the prefrontal cortex is dramatic. Repeated activation of a specific collection of neurons strengthens the connections among neurons. Many states have found that graduated drivers licensing ( decreases /increases) the incidence of fatal car crashes involving 16-year-olds and (decreased/ increases ) the incidence of fatal car crashes among 18-year-olds. Which two adolescents are most likely to engage in risk-taking behavior? Select all that apply. Sarah, who is very positively emotionally aroused Marley, who is very negatively emotionally aroused Improvements in intuitive decision-making abilities are associated with reduced risk taking . Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to approach a problem with an appropriate strategy in mind . Compared to children, adolescents more often demonstrate multidimensional thinking. The increase in speed of information processing occurs mainly in early adolescence . When asked to describe herself, 16-year-old McKenzie replies, "I'm shy in big groups of people. But when I'm with my friends, I'm extroverted and outgoing." McKenzie's description reflects the ability to think in multiple dimensions .

The suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required is called response inhibition . Theory of mind is the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own. Brandon is 16 years old and his brother, Blake, is 26 years old. Which of the following statements about risky behavior is true? Brandon is more likely than Blake to focus on the potential rewards of risky behavior . For the child, what is possible is what is (possible/ real ); for the adolescent, what is real is just a subset of what is ( possible /real) Hypothetical reasoning is also called " if-then " thinking. True or false : Gains in logical thinking explain the decline in risk taking between adolescence and adulthood. Tanner is 12 years old and Tyrone is 15 years old. Which of the following statements about processing speed is true? Tyrone will process information faster than Tanner . The growth of social thinking during adolescence is directly related to the young person's improving ability to think abstractly. Trey is studying for a science exam and needs to remember the eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Trey comes up with the following mnemonic to help him remember: My Very Excited Mother Just Served Us Nectarines. Trey's strategy is an example of metacognition . Which of the following contributes to the adolescent's ability to have more sophisticated and more complicated self-conceptions and relationships? Thinking in multiple dimensions Response inhibition is the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required.

CHAPTER 3 True or false: During the Industrial Revolution, adolescents were among those most dramatically affected by changes in work, education, and family life. (Reason: Rapid social and economic changes made the connection between what individuals learned in childhood and what they would need to know in adulthood increasingly uncertain). The process through which an individual's position or status is modified by society is called social redefinition . In societies that have formal rites of passage, puberty has long been used to indicate when people are no longer children. In the middle of the nineteenth century, adolescence lasted about 5 year(s). Around what time did adolescence come to be viewed as a lengthy period of preparation for adulthood? The late nineteenth century Malcolm, age 24, is currently exploring possible identities in work, romance, and politics. He is a college graduate but has had four jobs in the past two years. He has dated several women, with none of his relationships lasting more than five or six months. He is currently living at home to get on his feet and save money. Malcolm is demonstrating characteristics of emerging adulthood . Research indicates that juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights . In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that students who wanted to form a Bible study group had the right to meet on campus because high school students are mature enough to understand that a school can permit the expression of ideas that it does not necessarily endorse? Board of Education v. Mergens As we move further into the twenty-first century, fewer and fewer teenagers will come from affluent parts of the world . Which of the following statements helps to explain why relocating poor families to more affluent neighborhoods can have negative effects on adolescents' behavior? Adolescents from poor families may encounter more discrimination in the new neighborhoods. Most of the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development are (direct/ indirect ) . Among middle-class families in the Industrial Revolution, adolescents spent a great deal of time in school and with peers .

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The term ( teenager /adolescent) suggests a more frivolous and lighthearted image than the term (teenager/ adolescent ). It is possible that economic forces have delayed the transition into social adulthood but have not affected the transition into psychological adulthood. Identify the consequences associated with adolescents' exposure to neighborhood violence. (Select all that apply.) Callousness Depression Precocious sex Post-traumatic stress disorder Substance abuse Identify the factors that help protect adolescents from the negative effects of violent neighborhoods. (Select all that apply.) Extracurricular involvement Positive family relationships Strong religious beliefs The age of majority is also referred to as the legal age for adult status . The term (adolescent/ youth ) was used long before the word ( adolescent /youth). Identify the outcomes associated with growing up in impoverished urban communities. (Select all that apply.) Involvement in criminal activity High school drop out Early sexual activity Poor academic achievement How will the high birthrate in poor and developing countries change adolescence around the world? The distribution of the world's adolescents will change dramatically . Which of the following is associated with harsh, inconsistent, and punitive parenting? Multiple choice question. Poverty One issue that continues to face contemporary society is whether sexually active individuals who are not yet legal adults should be able to make independent decisions about matters such as abortion . Today, experts define adolescence as beginning in biology and ending in culture . The age at which people marry is even more reliably documented than the age of menarche.

Which of the following phenomena has contributed to the lengthening of adolescence? The need for extended formal education has increased . True or false: According to the inventionists, adolescence is defined primarily by the ways in which society recognizes (or does not recognize) the period as distinct from childhood or adulthood. Ali is a 15-year-old who has been involved in underage drinking and destruction of property. Which of the following would an inventionist cite as an important cause of these delinquent behaviors? The way that young people like Ali are treated by society According to the inventionist view, when did adolescence as we know it today begin? In the Industrial Revolution Child protectionists were individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents need to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace. Keniston (1970) argued that youth is a separate stage in the life cycle, similar to the concept of emerging adulthood. The transition to adulthood has become so delayed in many industrialized societies that some have argued that there is a new stage in life known as emerging adulthood . The existence of emerging adulthood is not apparent in all cultures . In any given year, about one-fifth of people between the ages of 18 and 25 suffer from some sort of mental illness. In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, experiences in which of the following domains were closely linked to changes in well-being? (Select all that apply.) Work Romance Citizenship Professor Noris believes that adolescence is not actually a period of the life cycle; rather, it is a social invention. Professor Noris' beliefs are consistent with the inventionists perspective. A(n) initiation ceremony is a formal induction of a young person into adulthood. A status offense refers to a behavior that is problematic because of the young person's status as a juvenile.

Which of the following increases an impoverished adolescent's likelihood of engaging in delinquent behaviors ? Lacking any affluent neighbors The juvenile justice system operates under (similar/ different ) rules and principles than the criminal justice system. Which is contributing to the lengthening of the transition from adolescence to adulthood? the increase in jobs requiring more years of formal education Today, about 45 % of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups. ( Foreign /Native) -born adolescents generally have better mental health, exhibit less problem behavior, and perform better in school. Identify all of the following outcomes that are associated with poverty. Teen pregnancy Unemployment Failure in school Delinquency Evaluations of mentoring programs indicate that they have a small, positive effect on youth development . Mentoring programs are most effective when they take place over an extended period . Poverty has become ( more /less) concentrated over the past 40 years. Because poor families tend to live in poor neighborhoods, it is not always easy to separate the effects of ( neighborhood /economic) disadvantage from the effects of ( family /economic) disadvantage. Nova comes from a middle-class community, whereas Nikki comes from an affluent community. Both girls are 16 years old. Which of the following statements is true? Nikki is more likely to experience anxiety and depression . According to current estimates, which of the following will be the largest adolescent group in the United States by the end of the twenty-first century? Hispanic Americans Monitoring adolescent behavior is a characteristic of collective efficacy . In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, over 80 % of the sample showed great stability in their well-being over the period. Under conditions of ( low /high) collective efficacy, social problems are contagious.

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Recognition that an individual's status has changed from child to adult is an example of social redefinition . Which of the following statements about historic trends in adolescence is true? By 2010, it took 15 years for the average girl to go from menarche to marriage . Today's view of adolescence started among the middle class . Which of the following must be answered in cases where a juvenile might be tried as an adult? Is the juvenile competent to stand trial? Parents who live in poor neighborhoods often monitor their children more vigilantly than those in more affluent neighborhoods. What phenomenon does this help explain? Why adolescents who move to affluent neighborhoods from poor neighborhoods often have worse outcomes In neighborhoods with higher levels of resources and greater feelings of cohesion, adults' beliefs about teenagers tend to be favorable . The extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community is referred to as collective efficacy . Witnessing gun violence doubles an adolescent's risk for committing violence in the future. In the agricultural world of the sixteenth or seventeenth century, the main distinction between children and adults was based on whether they owned property . Which group of individuals helped to inspire organizations like the Boy Scouts and other adult- supervised youth clubs in the early twentieth century? Child protectionists During the 1960s, many adults referred to the changes they saw in attitudes and values among college students as the youth movement.

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ADOLESCENCE MIDTERM 1 STUDY GUIDE

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