Exam #2

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Southeast Missouri State University *

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Exam #2 Covering Chapters 5, 6, and 7 Please take your time on this exam. Download the exam, answer the questions provided, and then upload back into Canvas. 1. List and discuss six “red flags” that may signal autism in a child. (10 points) There are many red flags that can signal autism in children such as making poor eye contact, doesn’t smile, doesn’t respond to their name, does not speak any words at 16 months, does not combine any two words by 2 years, and losing their language or social skills. Autism is a developmental disorder that is categorized by deficits in social interaction, communication, and imagination. So these children don’t think or grow up like other children, so they don’t respond well to social cues like eye contact or smiling. 2. Two- year-old David knows that four-legged furry animals with a tail are dogs because he has one. One day he sees a cat and calls it a “doggie.” This is an example of (3 points) a. accommodation. b. assimilation. c. adaptation. d. equilibrium. 3. John is able to regulate his attention, thinking, and behavior. He has (a) well-developed (3 points) a. amygdala. b. cortex. c. executive functions. d. temporal lobes. 4. : Discuss the benefits of feeding a baby breastmilk versus formula (10 points) Breastfeeding offers high cholesterol and fat content which helps support brain development; breastfeeding is also linked to a reduced risk of obesity. Breastfeeding also just helps develop the bond between baby and mom more as the mother is recovering her hormones, emotions, and physical body from pregnancy and labor. Most moms might feel a little useless after giving birth as the baby doesn’t have to rely on their physical body anymore, but breastfeeding offers that emotional connection again. Formula also is a good alternative for mother’s who can’t produce milk, or don’t have the time to breastfeed. Formula has all the nutrients a baby

needs and requires less work or privacy than breastfeeding, and it can also help include the father more. 5. ____________ can be described as a group of permanent disorders in the development of movement and posture. (3 points) a. Cerebral palsy b. Scoliosis c. Muscular dystrophy d. Down syndrome 6. Children learn their native language best by (3 points) a. direct instruction by the parents. b. instruction by a speech therapist. c. learning two languages at once. d. just being exposed and using and experiencing language 7. Mom said a bad word when she got cut off in traffic and her child heard it. Later that night at dinner, the child said the word to Dad. This is an example of (3 points) a. reaping what you sow. b. deferred imitation. c. the potty mouth family cycle. d. the verbal exploration approach. 8. ___________development refers to changes in size and structure, while ____________development refers to abilities like reaching, walking and sitting. (5 points) a. Physical; motor b. Motor; physical c. Cephalocaudal; proximodistal d. Proximodistal; cephalocaudal 9. _______________ memory helps us recognize people and recall names. (3 points) a. Implicit b. Explicit c. Short-term d. Long-term

10. As compared to children who are not abused, abused children are more likely to (3 points) a. be more vulnerable to stress. b. have difficulty with emotional regulation. c. experience neurochemical changes in the brain. d. All of these 11. Playing ”peek-a-boo” with babies is fun for them because of their lack of (3 points) a. vision. b. understanding. c. object permanence. d. motor skills. 12. Explain the type of physical environment children need in order to thrive in their early years. (10 points) Children need an encouraging, loving, and learning environment. Children need minimal screen time, but toys with lots of color and that are designed to help with their motor skills. Children need a schedule, such as when to eat, sleep, brush their teeth, etc. They need nutritious meals and to gets their necessary dietary needs. 13. If Joe does not move Sarah’s phone number to __________, it will be lost and he won’t have a date. (3 points) a. working memory b. long-term memory c. short-term memory d. implicit memory 14. Self-conscious emotions are so named because (3 points) a. they are embarrassing. b. they require self-awareness. c. others can notice them nonverbally. d. others can notice them verbally. 15. Which is greater? The infants’ ability to produce or to understand language? (3 points) a. produce b. understand c. The two are equal. d. Neither is very good.

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16. Tyler is unpredictable and negative and does not like change and new things. His temperament would be classifies as (3 points) A. negative. B. slow to warm up. C. easy. D. difficult. 17. The majority of children are ______________ attached to their parents. (3 points) e. securely f. avoidantly g. resistantly h. not 18. Discuss the three theories of language development. (10 points) Behaviorist Approach believes that children learn language through reinforcement, where baby babble that sounds like words are reinforced and encouraged and the babble that doesn’t sound like words are not. Nativist Approach believes that babies are just biologically predisposed to learn a language. Interactionist Approach believes that babies learn language both biologically and socially. Babies learn to communicate by communicating with others but are already biologically meant to speak. 19. Research shows that infants can focus well on________________ which is (are) about 10–12 inches away. (3 points) a. toys b. the face of the one holding them c. the mobile over the crib d. all of the above 20. Piaget’s theory is known as constructivist because (3 points) a. he constructed it by building on Freud’s theory. b. children are always growing and changing like constructing a building. c. children construct their cognitive abilities through action and interaction. d. he is against evolutionist theories.

21. Discuss the features of a good day-care center. How would you design a day care center to adequately address all of a child’s needs? (10 points) I would keep a schedule. A schedule of when to eat, naps, outside time, everything. Children can anticipate what is going to happen everyday and aren’t anxious about what is going to happen next if the days stay relatively the same. I would cut screen time to almost zero, and offer toys and outside toys, or playing games together like red rover. Also being able to teach children how to treat others would be a main goal of mine, as children can typically be mean and unempathetic to others. I would offer meals and snacks that are nutritious and filling so that the children aren’t immediately hungry once they get home.

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