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Week 1 Discussion 1 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying. 1. With what we know today about the biopsychosocial nature of mental illness, historical explanations, such as supernatural causes of mental illness, may seem incomprehensible. For this discussion assignment, imagine that you have traveled 50 years into the future. Discuss how you think mental illness will be viewed differently than today. Select one mental disorder (e.g., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.) and discuss how it is likely to be conceptualized and understood. Then, suggest how the mental disorder is likely to be treated (assuming it still exists). Cite at least one scholarly source to substantiate your perspective. There have been occasional shifts in the way that people see mental illness. However, these modifications were cyclical rather than gradual or linear. History reveals that somatogenic, psychogenic, and supernatural hypotheses have been used to explain the origins of psychological disease. These viewpoints have coexisted and changed over time throughout history. The way that mental illness is viewed and treated depends on how it is thought to be caused. People with mental illnesses will receive very little care if society views mental disease as supernatural. Additionally, the person with a mental disorder is more likely to receive effective therapy if others believe that somatogenic circumstances are to blame. Diverse viewpoints coexisted in the twentieth century as well, as seen by the explosion of scientific research. There are many whom support supernatural causes for mental illness in addition to those who accept explanations based on science. Some people in this modern day cure mental illnesses using exorcism along with other supernatural practices. I

believe there will still be several theories explaining mental illness in 50 years. Pseudoscience will be used to support the supernatural explanation while simultaneously strengthening scientific explanations through the application of freshly created scientific research methodologies. Using the disorder of dissociative identity (DID) as in instance, the supernatural notion will continue to be validated and explained even after fifty years by pseudoscientific means. There will also be a compelling scientific justification for the causality of DID in addition to this. Naturally, there will be a variety of approaches to treating illness; some will employ scientific techniques, while others may turn to more ethereal means. Because of the innate tendency of the human mind to put its trust in a superpower, unscientific supernatural notions will continue to persist even after fifty years. Farreras, I. G. (2019). History of mental illness. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/65w3s7ex Discussion 2 1. According to our textbook, bullying, including cyberbullying, has emerged as a critical problem in schools. Discuss 3-5 possible psychological and sociocultural reasons that might account for this problem. Then, suggest 3-5 recommendations that children, families, schools, and/or communities might implement to decrease the incidence of bullying. Low self-esteem can be the primary cause of bullying since it can lead to a need to dominate, control, and/or harm other people. Numerous things might contribute to low self-esteem, including one's surroundings and the treatment they have received from others. Individuals who have poor self-esteem sometimes bully others as a way of venting their feelings of helplessness over their life. To make themselves feel better and increase their sense of value, they could feel compelled to dominate, harm, or

control others. Bullying can take the form of verbal, physical, or cyberbullying. Second maladaptive coping mechanisms that result in bullying or violence. People who are put under challenging circumstances sometimes resort to unhealthy coping mechanisms like hostility or bullying. This may be brought on by a lack of constructive coping mechanisms or a need to exert dominance or control over the circumstance. Bullying can be a coping mechanism for those who are frustrated or powerless, or who want to feel in control over the situation or more powerful than they are. Next comprises Insufficient problem-solving abilities resulting in an absence of constructive dispute resolution. Individuals who struggle with problem-solving may find it difficult to resolve disagreements when they do occur. In the absence of efficient problem-solving techniques, they can turn to bullying as a means of settling the dispute. This can be bullying that is done online, verbally, or physically. Another explanation could be poor social skills that result in feelings of exclusion or loneliness. It may be difficult for someone with poor social skills to build lasting relationships. Feelings of exclusion or loneliness may result from this, and bullying may follow. Bullying others can be done by someone who wants to feel more accepted or included by their peers or who wants to gain confidence about their own imagined social shortcomings. Finally ignorance of the harm that bullying does to its victims. It's possible that people are unaware of how bullying affects victims in the long run. Without this knowledge, people would not treat bullying with the seriousness it deserves and might even start bullying others. To deter bullying behavior, it's critical that people are aware of the grave consequences that bullying may have on its targets. Numerous other factors contribute to bullying, including the absence of community or parental involvement in children's life, the use of social media, which makes it simpler to disseminate harmful words or remain anonymous when bullying, and the prevalence of aggressive or violent behavior in some areas. Teach kids, families, and communities about the harm that bullying does to its victims and the possible repercussions for the bully. The first step in lowering the prevalence of bullying is education. It is crucial to teach kids, families, and communities about the harm that bullying causes to its

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victims as well as the possible repercussions for the bully. This can foster an environment of mutual acceptance and comprehension and deter bullying behavior. Give parents enough tools to stay engaged in their kids' life, including what they do online. As they may offer direction and support to their kids, parents can play a significant role in lowering the prevalence of bullying. Giving parents the tools they need to stay engaged in their kids' lives—including their online activities—is crucial. This can guarantee that kids aren't acting in a bullying manner and can help avert any possible bullying scenarios. Establish policies for the entire school that define bullying precisely and spell out the penalties for bullies. Schools ought to have explicit regulations that define bullying and spell out the penalties for bullies. This can deter people from participating in bullying and guarantee that it is taken seriously. It is imperative that educational institutions establish protocols to address any occurrences of bullying. Instill beneficial social abilities and ways to resolve disputes in the classroom to foster an inclusive and respectful environment. Bullying can be less common in classrooms by fostering an inclusive and respectful culture. This can be accomplished through imparting constructive social skills and practical dispute resolution techniques. These abilities can support the development of positive peer interactions and help stop bullying. Determine and deal with any underlying social or psychological problems that might be causing bullying in the workplace. Any underlying mental or social problems that might be influencing bullying behavior should be found and addressed. These can involve problems like poor self-worth, unhealthy coping mechanisms, insufficient problem-solving abilities, or an aggressive or violent culture. Bullying incidents can be decreased by addressing these problems. Week 2 Discussion 3 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment . (Note that they are both related to the same case study presented.)

Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying. Mrs. Simon, a 37-year-old elementary school teacher, was referred for therapy by the principal of the school. Although Mrs. Simon has been teaching for the past three years, her performance has always been problematic. Mrs. Simon is absent two to three days per month because she simply “can’t get out of bed.” Mrs. Simon reports that she is tired all of the time, even when she goes to bed early, and that she rarely sleeps all night, typically awakening no later than 3 a.m. Upon questioning, Mrs. Simon denies being “depressed” but reports that she “feels down” all the time and frequently finds herself crying for no reason. Mrs. Simon reports that she doesn’t enjoy any activities and believes that her life will always be this way. She goes on to report that she has great difficulty concentrating on her responsibilities at school and was dismayed to discover that she had taught the students the wrong material on several occasions. 1. Describe what you would do to diagnose Mrs. Simon. For example, describe several interview questions you might ask her. Based on the information above, detail whether you would refer her for medical, neurological, neuropsychological, and/or psychological testing and explain what possible physical health and mental concerns you would want evaluated. Using Chapter 4 in the textbook, identify specific tests you might administer and explain why. Finally, suggest at least three possible DSM-5 diagnoses you would want to rule out. At some point in their lives, most people struggle with depression, which frequently goes unnoticed or misdiagnosed. Depression symptoms frequently coexist with a plethora of other diseases. Depression is a type of mental disorder characterized by enduring melancholy and interest loss. It has an impact on your thoughts, feelings, and behavior. It can also create a range of mental and physical health issues as well as make it difficult to carry out daily tasks. It can sometimes be so horrible as to make you think life doesn't seem to be worth living. When it comes to mental health issues, you should assess stress levels, dietary modifications, sleep issues, and depressed emotions. Have you considered ending your life? How is your energy level? Would you rather remain in , or

would you rather go out and do new things? What is your current stress level? Have you had any food or rest? Problems getting to sleep, remaining asleep, or sleeping excessively. Do you find doing things boring or unsatisfying? Are you overeating or do you not have a good appetite? Have you been moving about a lot more than usual and are you getting restless or fidgety? For what duration have you been facing these issues? Is depression a family history for you? Do you experience stomach issues, headaches, back pain, chronic fatigue, or slowness of thought and movement? Blood tests should be ordered to screen for thyroid disease, nutritional deficiencies, pregnancy, seasonal symptoms, and any other significant illnesses that may be connected to depressive disorder if you have any physical health concerns. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the severity of depression symptoms. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) is used to evaluate a client's neurocognitive functions and is a reliable way to determine whether or not the client has a functional impairment. A biochemistry-blood test is used to rule out other medical conditions. To further validate the clinical diagnosis of depression for categories and dimensions, follow the DSM-5 diagnostic methodology. Discussion 4 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying. 1. There is a growing consensus that many, if not most, medical diseases, illnesses, and disorders are significantly influenced by psychological factors, such as stress tolerance, characterological resilience, pre-dispositional vulnerabilities, lifestyle choices, and so on. For this discussion, explore how psychological factors can promote or exacerbate physical health. Cite at least one scholarly source to support your discussion. Asthma is a prominent example of a medical ailment or illness that is influenced by psychological issues. Anxiety can make asthma worse. "Symptoms' subjective perception, alexithymia, coping strategies, depression and anxiety are the psychological factors that, in cognitive or in emotional dimensions, are most involved in Asthma experience and management." (Sicuro, Balbi, & Baiardini, 2015) The illness known as asthma results in the airways narrowing, swelling, and overproduction of mucus. This causes breathing difficulties, spells of coughing, shortness of

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breath, and a gasping sound when you exhale. Asthma can be a small irritation or potentially fatal. Stress, worry, and sadness, as well as intense emotions, may be psychological asthma triggers. Poor asthma control may be linked to anxiety and depression. Strong emotions, such as fear, rage, or excitement, might alter your breathing and provoke an asthma attack. Baiardini, I., Sicuro, F., Balbi, F. et al. Psychological aspects in asthma: do psychological factors affect asthma management?. asthma res and pract 1, 7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40733-015-0007-1 Week 3 Discussion 5 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying. 1. Select one of the anxiety disorders presented in Chapter 6 (e.g., social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, GAD, OCD, trichotillomania, etc.) or one of the mood disorders presented in Chapter 7 (e.g., MDD, persistent depressive disorder, hypomanic disorder, SAD, postpartum depression, bipolar 1 or bipolar 2 disorder, etc.). Discuss its symptoms and course, presumed biopsychosocial causes, and its impact on one's life. Using at least one scholarly source, present one or two contemporary treatments for this anxiety or mood disorder. An unusually high degree of worry and anxiety in response to social situations is the hallmark of the disorder of anxiety known as social anxiety disorder. When faced with circumstances where they could be inspected or shamed, such making speeches publicly or starting up discussions with strangers, people who struggle with a fear of social situations are more prone to experience anxiety. The following are signs of social anxiety disorder: extreme fear, avoiding social situations, physical symptoms including blushing, shaking, and sweating, and difficulty speaking. It is

thought that a combination of environmental and biological factors cause social anxiety to emerge. It is thought that an individual may be more susceptible to developing the illness due to their genetic makeup. Furthermore, it's thought that the disease may also emerge as a result of environmental variables like parenting practices, early experiences, and traumatic events. Social anxiety can occasionally have a big impact on a person's life. Due to their nervousness in public places, people with social anxiety are far more inclined to isolate themselves from their family and social circles, struggle in the classroom and at work, and have other negative outcomes. They may also experience despair and low self-esteem as a result of their nervousness and propensity to avoid social situations. One contemporary treatment option for those with social anxiety is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that aims to change maladaptive thought and behavior patterns in connection to social situations. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) teaches patients how to identify and challenge their negative attitudes about social settings and helps them develop healthy coping mechanisms that might help them better control their anxiety. For those with social phobia, exposure treatment is an another therapeutic alternative. An individual is gradually and deliberately exposed to the social situations they fear as part of exposure therapy, a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Treatment for social anxiety with this kind of therapy is common. Gradually exposing themselves to the feared occurrence, the person will discover how to manage their anxiety as well as acquire coping skills to help them in social situations. Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://ccis.vitalsource.com/books/9780135191033 Discussion 6 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying.

1. Common symptoms of mental disorders often derive from multiple etiological pathways. For instance, several people may manifest similar depressive symptoms, yet each one may struggle with a different set of causes, some primarily biological, others more psychological, some predominantly social, and still others (maybe most) with some 'biopsychosocial' combination of these factors. For example, anxiety symptoms might be caused by an inner ear infection (biological), a traumatic event (psychological), and/or living in a violent region of the world (social). For this week's discussion, select one of the anxiety disorders or mood disorders described in the textbook. Explore reputable websites to identify at least ten possible causes of that disorder. Try to cite at least three causes for each factor: biological, psychological, and social. 2. Imagine that you are a mental health counselor specializing in working with adolescents. Jill, a soft-spoken unassuming 16-year-old comes to see you. Her concerned parents recently saw a video about teenage angst and have asked you to evaluate their daughter for a possible anxiety disorder. At the first session, Jill describes herself as quiet, introverted, and somewhat of a loner, although she has one or two close friends. For her part, Jill does not think there is anything wrong with her. Discuss how you might determine whether Jill is simply the shy, reserved teenager she says she is or suffers from a social anxiety disorder. Remembering week one's discussion about normal, abnormal, and disordered behavior, how would you go about assessing Jill? Like Jill’s parents, you may wish to view one of this week's videos for further information.

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Week 4 Discussion 7 Select one of the dissociative disorders in Chapter 8 or one of the eating disorders presented in Chapter 9. Discuss its symptoms and course, presumed biopsychosocial causes, and its impact on one's life. Using at least one scholarly source, present one or two contemporary treatments for the disorder you have chosen. Dissociative disorders are characterized by a lack of continuity and a sense of detachment between memories, ideas, behaviors, environment, and identity. Trauma of some form is typically the cause of these diseases. It's unhealthy to feel as though you are unintentionally escaping reality when you have dissociative disorder. This might result in anything from forgetfulness to several identities, which can make it difficult to go about your daily business. Split personality disorder and multiple personality disorder were previous names for dissociative identity disorder. Although cases of DID have involved up to 100 identities, most sufferers maintain at least two distinct identities. When personalities are switched between each of the "alters," each of the aforementioned identities is in charge of the behavior. They each have their own histories, personalities, genders, and characteristics. The alternating personalities are called "Alters". DID only affects 0.01% to 1% of the global population, with women being more inclined to have it. The majority of instances stem from physical or sexual trauma experienced as children. Did may cause self-harm, sadness, anxiety, drug abuse, memory loss, illusions, and confusion. These symptoms might appear between the years of 5 and 10. DID cannot be avoided and has no known treatment. Hypnotherapy is suggested by some, and treatment concentrating on prior trauma, triggers, behavioral modifications, and integrating identities can help manage. Expert consensus states that psychotherapy is the main recommended treatment for dissociative disorders that result in unexpected memory gaps or amnesia. Internal monologue can be frightening, and it can be challenging to explain to others. Integrating the many personality states or modes, restoring continuity in one's sense of self without memory lapses, and maintaining functioning are the objectives of psychotherapy treatment." (Tuisku, Haravuori, et al., 2021). For the individual with DID as well as everyone in their life, it can be a perplexing and overwhelming condition. References

Dissociative identity disorder: What is it, symptoms & treatment. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2022, From https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9792-dissociative-identity-disorder- multiple-personality-disorder#:~:text=Dissociative%20Identity%20Disorder%20 (M ultiple%20Personality,in%20memory%20and%20other%20problems . Henna Haravuori, M., PhD, Katinka Tuisku, M., PhD, Katja Torkkola, R., Pekka Jylhä, M., PhD, & Tanja Laukkala, M., PhD. (2021). Four Selves of a Student - a Case Report of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Psychiatria Fennica, 52, 116-125 Discussion 8 1. There is a complex interaction among genetic predispositions, psychological vulnerabilities, and lifestyle habits in the development of eating disorders. Sociocultural factors also appear to influence, such as society's apparent "obsession" with female thinness. Girls appear to be at higher risk than boys to develop problems like AN and BN. Eating disorders in boys can be subtler, less overt, more drug-laden, and just as dangerous. In her thought-provoking work, researcher Dr. Jeanne Kilbourne raises disturbing concerns about the way the media portrays attractiveness for girls. After viewing the TEDx Talks video , The Dangerous Ways Ads See Women , discuss the extent to which, in your opinion, the media is to blame. What other influences exist in our society today that might affect eating disorders? Be sure to substantiate your opinion. Week 5 Discussion 9 1. The opioid crisis has become an epidemic in the U.S. and around the world. For this week's discussion, view the video, One Nation,

Overdosed , and discuss some of the reasons and controversies cited for this crisis. Examine how a person's life with this drug addiction is affected. Explore how families and loved ones are affected. Finally, consider how first responders and mental health and health care professionals are affected by this epidemic. Opioids are extremely addictive substances that can cause chronic, lifelong illnesses. They can also have serious side effects, including impairment, relapses, and even death. Globally and particularly in the US, there has been a significant increase in the usage of opiates. In 2017, the United States proclaimed the opioid crisis a national public health emergency. Opioids produce a great deal of positive reinforcement, which increases the likelihood that users will continue to use them despite the risks. The craving or urge to use, difficulty carrying out social obligations, interpersonal or social issues, decreased activities, and deteriorating physical and psychological issues are some of the symptoms associated with opioid use disorder. Opioid use has an impact on one's social, career, and personal lives. Opioid addicts frequently prioritize their opioid usage over their social and interpersonal relationships when it comes to time and money spent on it. The lives of those close to an opioid addict will be impacted by these changes in their addict's life. There will probably be a variety of issues in their marital and family life. Addiction to opioids can have negative effects on the user as well as the entire family. For instance, children of drug-addicted parents may experience developmental delays and long-term health consequences. The nation and society will probably be impacted by this disease as well. This disease, which has the potential to damage other facets of society, requires increased funding and attention from the government, mental health specialists, and other healthcare experts. References Dirks, A. (2018). The Opioid Epidemic: Impact on Children and Families. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders, 02(01), 9-11. doi: 10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0035 Opioid Use Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2019, from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction/opioid-use-disorder/opioid-u se-disorder . Psychology of Opioid Addiction: Health Care Resource Centers. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2019, from https://www.hcrcenters.com/opioid-addiction/.

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Discussion 10 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying. 1. Select one of the personality disorders in Chapter 10 or one of the substance-related disorders presented in Chapter 11. Describe its symptoms and course, presumed biopsychosocial causes, and its impact on one's life. Using at least one scholarly source, present one or two contemporary treatments for the disorder you have chosen. Because compulsive gambling tends to have certain personality qualities, pathological gambling, also known as gambling disorder, is classified as an addictive condition. Regardless of an extended disruption to their lives, pathological gamblers find satisfaction in short-term profits. They will continue to lose money and act in this manner despite the repercussions. The emergence of a gambling disorder is influenced by numerous factors. These include heredity, early trauma, culture, substance or alcohol misuse, and early trauma. A person suffering from pathological gambling may have numerous life disturbances, including the loss of their career, education, family, and/or significant other. A person will tell falsehoods about their losses in order to hide the full scope of their gambling problem. Treatment for gambling disorders can be difficult, and those who gamble heavily are very unlikely to respond well to it. After finishing therapy, a lot of people relapse and find it difficult to resist. Counseling or cognitive behavioral counseling, medication (such as mood stabilizers and antidepressants), and self-help organizations such as Gamblers Anonymous (GA) are three possible treatment approaches. Therapy aids in the unlearning of some behaviors and the replacement of them with constructive, healthy ones. GA is beneficial because it informs a person that they are not alone in experiencing such things and discussing with others about them can be a beneficial aspect of treatment.

Week 6 Discussion 11 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying. 1. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, which began in the mid- to late-1990s, looks at adverse early childhood experiences like abuse and adult outcome data. Early results indicate neglect and abuse has actual effects on the development of the brain. One perspective is that being abused as a child may affect the development of the brain via epigenesis. That is, these early negative experiences shape the way the brain becomes wired, with consequences across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, social, physical health, and self-concept domains. For this week's discussion, study the CDC's Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) website for a comprehensive overview of the major ACE studies. Present findings from the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Explain the ACE Pyramid, the differences among the Study Questionnaires, current data and statistics, and the study's major findings. Suggest how abuse can affect people's lives across various life domains. 2. In a brief video, Anderson Cooper demonstrates how difficult concentrating on simple tasks can be when distracted by (simulated) inner voices. For this week's discussion, view Cooper's video . Then, complete the following activity: For a first learning trial task, listen to the video, Auditory Hallucinations - An Audio Representation while you read a page from our textbook or a popular magazine or newspaper. Spend about 5-10 minutes on this task. After you have finished reading, write a brief synopsis of what

you recall. Then, in a second learning trial task, read another page of text as you ordinarily would, that is, without someone whispering in your ear. After you finish reading, write a brief synopsis of what you recall. For this week's discussion, describe your experience in both trials. What was it like to "hear voices" while you attempted to concentrate? Compare the quality of comprehension and retention between the two trials. Finally, suggest what life might be like for someone with schizophrenia who hears voices on a constant basis. Research on adverse childhood experiences (ACE Study) is being done by Kaiser Permanente, an American health maintenance organization, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Enrolled in a long-term health outcome follow-up, the study's subjects were chosen between 1995 and 1997. Contributions from almost 17,000 Kaiser Permanente healthcare members, staff members, and epidemiologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are reflected in the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE Study). According to the study's findings, early experiences—which can be good or bad—have a big influence on opportunities and health throughout life, as well as on becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence in the future. Therefore, many people's lives are better understood by using the findings of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE Study). The results of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE Study) contribute to the understanding that risky behaviors and diseases in adulthood are strongly correlated with exposure to emotional, physical, and sexual abuse as well as dysfunctional households throughout childhood. These results have a practical significance in that children who are exposed to more negative childhood experiences are more likely to develop numerous risk factors associated with multiple of the major adult causes of death. The data from the ACES study may prove beneficial to patients, healthcare professionals, and members of the general public. By minimizing children's encounters with adverse experiences, the study aims to lower the likelihood that these experiences will lead to adult diseases and fatalities. Felletti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., & Edwards, V. (1998). Relationship between childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://ccis.vitalsource.com/books/9780135191033

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Discussion 12 1. Select one of the paraphilic disorders or sexual dysfunctions detailed in Chapter 12 or one of the psychotic disorders presented in Chapter 13. Describe its symptoms and course, presumed biopsychosocial causes, and its likely impact on one's daily life across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, social, physical health, and self-concept domains. Using at least one scholarly source, present one or two contemporary treatments for the disorder you have chosen. Taking sexual pleasure in shame, fear, or other forms of mental harm to an individual is a hallmark of sexual sadism illness. Using ropes, shackles, or handcuffs for confinement, as well as incarceration, biting, spanking, flogging, or beating are examples of sadistic behaviors. Sexual sadism disorder is often diagnosed when an individual engages in these cruel sexual acts without the agreement of their partner(s) on a regular basis or when sadistic thoughts or actions lead to career, social, or other functional issues. Sex abuse that is too extreme might be illegal, cause grave injury to others, or even result in their death. The DSM states that it is unclear how common the disorder of sexual sadism is and that most of the data is based on forensic cases. The incidence of sexual sadism varies greatly, anywhere from 2 percent to 30 percent of the population, depending on the parameters used. Less than 10% of American civilly convicted sexual criminals suffer from sexual sadism. Sexual sadism disorder is present in between 37 and 75 percent of those who have killed for sexual purposes. The DSM-5 states that a person must have continuous, strong sexual arousal from inflicting or dreaming about the sensual or emotional pain of another person—with or without that person's consent—in order to be classified as having sexual sadism disorder. The presence of these symptoms in interpersonal, professional, or any other major area of the person's daily life, along with their extreme distress or malfunction, are prerequisites for a minimum six-month duration. In addition to being harmful and challenging to cure, sexual sadism can also exhibit characteristics of antisocial personality disorder, which include insufficient control of impulses, dishonesty, and a lack of empathy and sadness. Although there are a few possibilities, sexual sadism condition does not have a known cause. These include releasing repressed sexual desires, playing out cruel sexual fantasies gradually, and escapism—a sense of strength for someone who typically feels helpless in daily life. Sexual sadism illness may be diagnosed in conjunction with other mental or social issues, albeit these are not always the underlying causes. Individuals

with sexual sadism condition seldom ever go for therapy by themselves. Alternatively, those convicted of sexual misconduct are mandated by law to seek professional assistance from a psychiatrist or psychologist, who may conduct an assessment. Psychotherapy and medicines are commonly used in the treatment of sexual sadism disorder. An individual can learn new, healthier ways to deal with their cravings and identify patterns of sexual arousal with the aid of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive restructuring is a therapy strategy that can assist a person in recognizing and overcoming faulty thought processes. Sexual sadism condition can also be treated with antidepressant meds that lessen impulsive actions or anti-androgenic treatments that decrease sex urge. Mokros, A., Osterheider, M., Hucker, S. J., & Nitschke, J. (2011). Psychopathy and Sexual Sadism. Law and Human Behavior, 35(3), 188–199. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41488988 Sexual Sadism Disorder . Psychology Today. (n.d.). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/sexual-sadism-disorder Week 7 Discussion 13 1. ADHD is still considered a 'rule-out' disorder. That is, relevant plausible rival alternative explanations must be considered and excluded (or assessed as proportionately contributory), until the last hypothesis standing that cannot be rejected, so to speak, is ADHD. Thus, ADHD is not a 'definitive' diagnosis. Not surprisingly, ADHD is both over-diagnosed and under-diagnosed. Recent researchers have studied the use of MRI and Brain Spec scans. Others are working on developing better psychological, neuropsychological, and psycho-educational tests. For this week's discussion, view the video, Teens and ADHD , and explore CHADD's website . Then, respond to the following prompts: • Discuss whether, in your opinion, ADHD is a mental Illness, neurodevelopmental disease, or social disorder. Explain your response. • Next, examine why ADHD is both over-diagnosed and

under-diagnosed. • Explore the current debate about the use of psychostimulants and consider whether non-pharmacologic alternatives might be helpful. • Finally, consider how children and their families are affected when a family member has ADHD. Alzheimer's disease mostly impacts an individual's behavior and memory. Adaptive functioning is greatly affected, depending on how severe the condition is. However, in general, Alzheimer's patients experience difficulties performing their daily tasks. They may believe that they don't have to take care of themselves, to the point where they may cease bathing or changing into new clothes. As a result, individuals with Alzheimer's disease shouldn't be left alone or in charge of their own care since they could damage themselves, especially if they lose awareness of their surroundings. They might lose their sense of self-determination if they stop finding meaning in what they're doing. Due to the disease's impact on certain brain regions linked to information processing, recall, and storage, they will also struggle to make decisions. Finally, because they should not be left alone, as was previously indicated, persons with dementia lose their freedom and are dependent on others who provide care for them. A person's cognitive abilities are primarily impacted by Alzheimer's disease. It stops the brain's cognitive processes, making even the most fundamental ones—like perception and memory—difficult. persons with Alzheimer's Disease are additionally unable to remember persons they know, even those closest to them, since the majority, if not all, of memories are lost in those who suffer from this illness. After their memories of the individuals they know fade, they will essentially stop feeling anything. Alzheimer's patients also detect changes in their personalities. Their behavior patterns are erratic and they become moody. They'll have erratic and unpredictable behavior. Finally, people's physical functioning is also impacted. Physical abilities including balance, swallowing, eating, and bowel movements may deteriorate. The impact on the loved ones of Alzheimer's patients is very profound. They fear that one day their nearest loved one will forget them and they will be total strangers to them. There is sorrow since they will no longer be able to recall all of their memories with their loved one. Their loved one won't regard them the same way going forward since they will merely see other individuals as strangers. In addition, as was previously said, family members of those with Alzheimer's disease will be compelled to assume responsibility for providing care and constant supervision for their loved ones because they ought to not be left alone. This implies that they will be able to assist their loved ones with all daily activities, including eating, using the restroom, and taking a bath.

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The most terrible part about the condition is that when it advances and reaches its last stage, those who have it may eventually lose all memory of their past lives and forget everything. It is possible for them to lose memory of their names, identities, families, children, and every memory they have made throughout their life. However, the claim that they have changed is in some way moot. Alzheimer's patients may experience identity loss, although this does not always imply that they have changed as a person. You may believe that a loved one who has Alzheimer's Disease remains the same person you knew and cared for. They remain the same despite the illness. They simply experience a decline in their mental, emotional, and physical abilities, but they remain the same individuals. Discussion 14 1. A current debate concerns participation in contact sports given the risk of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), such as post-concussive syndrome and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The issues informing this debate seem especially relevant given neurodevelopment concerns for young children and teens. For this week's discussion, explore the risks and benefits of contact sports for children. Examine the short-term and long-term effects of mild-to-moderate TBIs, when children are injured. Then, provide your own perspective on whether youth programs, such as tackle football, should continue as is, be changed (and if so, how), or be banned altogether. Be sure to substantiate your position with at least one scholarly source. activities provide numerous advantages, but there is always a risk of injury in contact activities. Experts concur that participating in sports and being active have more advantages than disadvantages. Playing contact sports has several advantages for kids. Kids pick up the skills of listening and showing respect to referees, coaches, and teammates. They pick up respect for opponents and adherence to the law. Children who participate in organized sports learn teamwork. They are going to realize the fact that there isn't a "I" in a team. Kids will grow up ready to learn and comprehend discipline and following the rules, which are important

lessons in contact sports. Participating in organized contact sports enhances a child's confidence and self-worth. They will discover that practice and dedication can lead to performance improvement. Additionally, kids will learn how to defend themselves, their allies, and their adversaries. This will assist them in preventing potential harm. There is no doubting that playing contact sports carries some danger. Kids who participate in contact sports run the danger of suffering repeated brain injuries and concussions. It's because childhood is a time of active brain development. Brain injuries can deplete the cognitive and developmental processes of both time and energy. Youngsters who have had mild to moderate traumatic brain injury may have headaches and have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep longer than usual in the near term. Additionally, they may experience sensory issues like light and sound sensitivity, ringing in the ears, and blurred vision. However, long-term consequences include a general decline in quality of life as well as deficits in cognitive abilities, motor coordination, and social interaction. Youth sports like tackle football ought to be kept going as they are. Youth programs work to avoid undesirable behaviors while also fostering healthy growth. Youth development programs are developmentally appropriate programs created to prepare adolescents for productive adulthood by offering opportunities and supports to help them acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to meet the growing challenges they will face as they mature, according to a research study by Jodie L. Roth and Jeanne Brooks-Gun about Evaluating Youth Development Programs:Progress and Promise.

Week 8 Discussion 15 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying. 1. Given the variability of human nature, it is no wonder that no one-size-fits-all therapy works for everyone. For this week's discussion, view the video, Psychology Perspectives Video , and reflect on the different models of therapy. Discuss which therapy approach you would most likely use, were you the psychologist or counselor. Then, discuss which therapy approach you might benefit by the most, were you the client. Explain your choices from both perspectives of counselor and client. 2. Advances in health care portend a hopeful future for treating and preventing mental illness. For this week's discussion, view the video, A Brighter Future for Mental Health and reflect on the technological innovations proposed. Discuss the likely impact, both positive and negative, that technology might have on the mental health care delivery system. Then, speculate on what mental health care will look like over the next 50 years. For example, how will progress in neuroscience affect treatment and prevention? What will become of "talk therapies" in the years to come? What disorders might be cured and which ones might remain? Explain your rationale for your answers. Discussion 16 Select one of the two prompts for this discussion assignment. Be sure to begin your initial post by referring to which prompt you have chosen. This will help your peers in replying.

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1. Imagine you are a college counselor counseling a young student. The student has complained of unremitting feelings of anxiety and is worried he will be unable to successfully complete the semester. Your client reports he is already prescribed an anxiolytic but has experienced only minimal benefits. Select one of the psychosocial approaches detailed in Chapter 16 to treat your client. Describe the therapy, and explain why you would use this approach. Include a brief discussion of the techniques and interventions you might use. Identify at least three goals you might set for this client. Use at least one scholarly source to substantiate your treatment approach. 2. Despite promising advances in biopsychosocial treatments, mental health problems continue to challenge mental health professionals and expend health care resources. One solution has been to focus on prevention. For this week's discussion, select one mental illness, disorder, or problem we have studied in this course. Briefly describe the disorder, cite current statistics (e.g., incidence and prevalence rates) and examine the psychological and socioeconomic costs to society. Then, apply one or more of the three prevention levels presented in Chapter 17 to recommend how the risk of this mental illness could be reduced. Use at least one scholarly source to substantiate your recommendations.

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