Research project Outline

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The final answer is an outline for a research project on Gender Identity Disorder. The outline includes five sections: Introduction, Criteria of Gender Identity Disorder, History of Gender Identity Disorder, Specialized Area: Treatment of Gender Identity Disorder, and Conclusion. Each section contains specific information and subtopics, as well as evidence sources and analysis. Introduction Psychological disorders are, broadly, conditions characterized by distressing, impairing, and/or atypical thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Gender identity disorder is a condition in which someone feels that the gender and these assigned to him or she does not match his/her gender identity. It is a conflict between the person’s assigned or physical gender and the gender which the person expresses and identifies. Currently, gender identity disorder is called gender dysphoria. People exhibiting this disorder may not be comfortable with the sex or gender they are assigned, and sometimes they are not satisfied with the roles they are expected to perform depending on the assigned gender. The victims may experience distress and problems in functioning with the assigned gender and can affect how they think and feel about themselves. Understanding Gender Identity Disorder is important because it affects an individual's mental health, social life, and overall well-being. According to recent statistics, individuals with GID have a higher risk of suicide and mental health issues, making it essential to understand the causes, symptoms, and treatments of this disorder. Gender identity refers to the identification with a sex . most children develop an appropriate attachment to their own sex. In some cases, however, children or adolescents and sometimes even those as young as three or four years olds believe that they have been trapped in a body of the wrong sex. In 2013, the diagnosis was renamed from “gender identity disorder” to “gender dysphoria” after criticisms that the former term was stigmatizing. The DSM-5 also moved this diagnosis out of the sexual disorders category and into a category of its own. In order to be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, a person must experience, for at least 6 months, a noticeable difference between how they experience/express their own gender and the gender which they were assigned at birth. Symptoms related to this may include the expressed desire for others to treat or perceive them as another gender; discomfort with their genitals or sex characteristics; wishing these genitals or sex characteristics were different or aligned with another gender; and/or a strong sense of being another gender despite how others perceive them. This discrepancy must cause significant impairment in social, occupational, school, or daily life functioning.  Prevalence – Due to the stigma associated with GID, epidemiologists have encountered great difficulties in determining its prevalence; it is considered relatively rare even when accounting for underreporting due to the fear of stigmatization. The Meyer-Bahlburg (1985) study suggests a 1 in 30,000 occurrence in men and a 1 in 100,000 occurrence in women. Another study (Bakker, van Kesteren, Gooren, &

Bezemer, 1993) suggests higher rates based on the prevalence of hormonal treatments for persons suffering from gender-identity-related problems in the Netherlands.  Course – Typically, gender dysphoria in childhood subsides before adulthood is reached, but some studies suggest that its previous presence may influence sexual orientation. Individuals with gender dysphoria in childhood sometimes reconcile their issues by identifying themselves as homosexual during adolescence. GID can follow two courses in adulthood. The first course is a continuation of GID that has persisted through childhood. The second course is characterized by a gradual onset beginning in early to mid-adulthood that follows, or is comorbid with, Transvestic Fetishism. Both forms of GID present in adulthood are persistent, but spontaneous remissions have been noted. Empirically supported treatments  Psychotherapy – Psychotherapy has proven useful in interventions, though its effectiveness is dependent upon how early it is administered. The purpose of this treatment is to help individuals cope with their biologically determined sex and reinforce the behavioral patterns associated with those roles. This method may reduce transsexual behavior in later life.  Hormonal treatment and surgery – Adults with GID may request surgical reassignment of sex. Individuals who desire this treatment have typically experienced hormonal therapy to reduce undesired secondary sex characteristics and to develop those present in the opposite sex. Hormonal treatment causes breast growth and reductions of facial hair in males and cessation of menstruation, increases in body hair, and voice deepening effects in females. Subjects are typically required to live as the opposite sex with hormonal treatment for a year or more before surgery is considered an option.  Past treatments have included various behavioral therapies targeted toward changing the individual's social and sexual behaviors to be more stereotypically masculine or feminine, including behavioral modification of vocal characteristics, sexual fantasies, patterns of sexual arousal, even movements and posture.  In contrast, current treatment, as outlined by the Standards of Care, includes three principal elements comprising a " triadic therapy." These elements include living as the desired gender, hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery- although not all individuals will desire, or complete, all three steps.

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