Copy of Unit 1 Textbook Homework Questions (3)

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*Make a copy and move to AP NSL → Unit 1 Folder Name: Date: AP U.S. Government Unit 1: Constitutional Democracy The U.S. Constitution arose out of important historical and philosophical ideas and preferences regarding popular sovereignty and limited government. To address competing states’ visions for the allocation of governmental authority, compromises were made during the Constitutional Convention and ratification debates, and these compromises have frequently been the source of debate and negotiation in U.S. politics over the proper balance between federal and state power and between liberty and social order. Chapter 1: Understanding American Politics Chapter 2: The Constitution and the Founding Chapter 3: Federalism Link to Online Textbook Part 1: American Government and the Constitution Chapters 1 and 2 1.A.1.a: The U.S. government is based on ideas of limited government, including natural rights, popular sovereignty, republicanism, and social contract. 1.A.1.b: Representative democracie s can take several forms along this scale: See page 20 ● Participatory democracy , which emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society ● Pluralist democracy , which recognizes group-based activism by nongovernmental interests striving for impact on political decision making ● Elite democracy , where decisions are made by elected representatives acting as trustees Vocab definitions: Examples and explanations:

government - A system of groups and ideologies governing. factions - A dissenting group in a larger governing body. separation of powers - The separation of the government into smaller organized branches checks and balances - A system put in place to balance and approve new laws , legislations and prevent any segment of the government from becoming too powerful and overstepping. federalism - A political group centered around the state government as the supreme authority. public goods - Good available to all members of society. collective action problems - Problems collectively acted on. free rider problem - Avoiding payment politics free market redistributive tax policies culture wars - Ideological or political war fought by opposing ideals and beliefs. Pages 4 - 14 Explain and give examples of the ideas/concepts that are important in American political culture? What do we expect from our government? Freedom , Free speech and representation are big ideas we expect from our government to protect , and hold these ideals high. Social contract theory is “an implied agreement among the people of an organized society that defines the rights, duties, and limitations of the governed and the government.” Explain how social contract theory shapes our understanding of the purpose of government and the role for individuals and communities in the U.S. Page 15-20 Sources of Conflict In American Politics In what ways do changing demographics also change American political culture? 2

ideology - Beliefs and ideas shape a person or party. conservative - Someone leaning more traditional and less progressive. liberal - Someone who leans progressive. libertarians - liberty or rights party. representative democracy - a democracy in which elected representatives represent people. participatory democracy - A democracy in which regular citizens make decisions. pluralist democracy - a democracy in which the government is divided and not only one power. elitist democracy - A democracy ruled by elites and upper class. liberty - Freedom , rights , and justice. equality - Equal opportunity and representation. Pages 20-23 How do we resolve our conflicts and our political values? What factors might explain the overall decline in faith in American institutions? 1.A.2.c . The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Jefferson with help from Adams and Franklin, provides a foundation for popular sovereignty, while the U.S. Constitution drafted at the Philadelphia Convention and led by George Washington, with important contributions from Madison, Hamilton, and members of the "Grand Committee" provides the 3

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blueprint for a unique form of political democracy in the U.S. 1.B.1.a: Specific incidents and legal challenges that highlighted key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation are represented by the: • Lack of centralized military power to address Shays' Rebellion • Lack of tax law enforcement power • Requirement of unanimity of all states to amend the articles Vocab definitions: Examples and explanations: Articles of Confederation - Articles of the U.S confederation written by founding fathers. limited government - Government limited on power and less centralized. Shays’s Rebellion - A farmers rebellion in Massachusetts against rising tax. monarchy - Ruled by a king or queen and heir heirs. republicanism - Republican or republic centered governmental rule. consent of the governed - informed consent of government. natural rights - Natural born rights. social contract - Social agreement or contract. Federalists - People who believe in a federation and centralized power. Antifederalists - People against Pages 26- 29 Explain the Stamp Act of 1765 from BOTH the perspective of the colonists AND the British Parliament. Explain how the Tea Act, Boston Tea Party, and the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts were related. Pages 29-35 What were the powers of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation? 4

government centralized power. pluralism - Government with more than one division. What were the problems of the Articles of Confederation? How did Shays’s Rebellion showcase the problems of the Articles of Confederation? What political theories influenced the framers and how? What economic interests influenced the framers and how? 5

CON 1.c.1. Compromises deemed necessary for adoption and ratification of the Constitution are represented by the: • Great (Connecticut) Compromise • Electoral College • Three-Fifths Compromise • Compromise on the importation of slaves 1.B.2.1 Debates about self-government during the drafting of the Constitution necessitated the drafting of an amendment process in Article V that entailed either a two-thirds vote in both houses or a proposal from two-thirds of the state legislatures, with final ratification determined by three fourths of the states. 1.B.2.c: The compromises necessary to secure ratification of the Constitution left some matters unresolved that continue to generate discussion and debate today. 1.A.1.c: Different aspects of the U.S. Constitution as well as the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in Federalist No. 10 and Brutus No. 1 reflect the tension between the broad participatory model and the more filtered participation of the pluralist and elite models. 1.A.1.d: The three models of representative democracy continue to be reflected in contemporary institutions and political behavior. EK1A.3.b: Anti-Federalist writings, including Brutus No. 1, adhered to popular democratic theory that emphasized the benefits of a small decentralized republic while warning of the dangers to personal liberty from a large, centralized government. 1.A.3.a: Madison's arguments in Federalist No. 10 focused on the superiority of a large republic in controlling the "mischiefs of faction" delegating authority to elected representatives and dispersing power between the states and national government. Vocab definitions: Examples and explanations: 6

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Virginia Plan - Virginia plan which is the Virginia state political plan. New Jersey Plan - Jersey plan was Great Compromise - reserved powers national supremacy clause Three-Fifths Compromise Bill of Rights necessary and proper clause impeachment power of the purse Marbury v. Madison judicial review executive powers clause commerce clause enumerated powers implied powers Pages 35-43 List the elements of the Great Compromise. What is the significance of the three-fifths compromise with regards to representation? In what ways was the Electoral College a compromise? Pages 44-46 Why was it necessary to add a process of changing (amending) the Constitution? What were the goals of the Federalists and the purpose of the Federalist Papers? Why were the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution? Explain why the Anti-Federalists were against the proposed Constitution. Pages 47-59 What did the Framers do in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights to make sure that not all power was in one place, while still giving power to the new national government? (use the How it Works pages, 48, 49 to help) 7

Part 2: Federalism Chapter 3: Federalism ● EK 1.C.1.a: The powers allocated to Congress, the president, and the courts demonstrate the separation of powers and checks and balances features of the U.S. Constitution. ● 1.D.1.a: The exclusive and concurrent powers of the national and state governments help explain the negotiations over the balance of power between the two levels. ● EK 1.C.2.b: Impeachment, removal, and other legal actions taken against public officials deemed to have abused their power reflect the purpose of checks and balances. ● EK 1.C.1.b: Federalist No. 51 explains how constitutional provisions of separation of powers and checks and balances control abuses by majorities. ● EK 1.C.I a: Multiple access points for stakeholders and institutions to influence public policy flows from the separation of powers and checks and balances. ● 1.B.3.a: The debate over the role of the central government, the powers of state governments, and the rights of individuals remains at the heart of present-day constitutional issues about democracy and governmental power, as represented by: ○ Debates about government surveillance resulting from the federal government's response to the 9/11 attacks ○ The debate about the role of the federal government in public school education ● EK 1.C.3.a: National policy making is constrained by the sharing of power between and among the three branches and the state governments. Vocab definitions: Examples and explanations: sovereign power police powers concurrent powers unitary government confederal government intergovernmental organizations Tenth Amendment full faith and credit clause privileges and immunities clause What is the purpose of separation of powers? What is the purpose of impeachment and removal? Pages 66-71 Define Federalism and explain its significance - how is it different from a confederation of states or a unitary system? Where in the Constitution are the enumerated powers found? List the powers of the national government that are important today. What is the purpose of the 10 th Amendment? Explain why state powers are called police powers. 8

Create a list of national, state, and concurrent powers using the venn diagram below. (or create a list for each type) 1.D.2.a: The balance of power between the national and state governments has changed over time based on U.S. Supreme Court interpretation of such cases as: ● McCulloch v. Maryland , which declared that Congress has implied powers necessary to implement its enumerated powers and established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws ● United States v. Lopez , which ruled that Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime, introducing a new phase of federalism that recognized the importance of state sovereignty and local control Vocab definitions: Examples and explanations: McCulloch v. Maryland pages 72-75 Dred Scott v. Sanford pages 74-75 Gibbons v. Ogden page 74 chart U.S. v. Lopez page 89 Pages 72-79 Evolving Powers of Federalism What are the Constitutional questions and the outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland ? What are the consequences of this decision today? How does the Gibbons decision use the commerce clause to expand the power of the federal government? How are the rulings in McCulloch and Gibbons similar? What about Dred Scott ? What did that case do? In what way did the ruling in U.S. v. Lopez shape the balance of power 9

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between state and federal governments? Vocab definitions: Examples and explanations: Dual Federalism Cooperative federalism Picket Fence Federalism Fiscal Federalism categorical grants block grants unfunded mandates Coercive federalism Pages 74-89 How were state and federal powers defined in the era of Dual Federalism? How did FDR’s presidency expand the power of the federal government? Cite examples. How did New Deal programs lead to the era of cooperative federalism? Look at the visuals on pages 78-79 and look at the chart on page 80 for the Evolution of Federalism and define the terms. Explain how categorical grants expand the power of the federal government. Explain how block grants give the states more power. What is the difference between mandates and unfunded mandates? In what ways did New Federalism successfully return power to the states? Pages 90-94 Assessing Federalism - read this section and relate it to TODAY with Covid challenges and school decisions. Who is making the decisions? National (N)? State(S)? Local(L)? Give examples for each level of government (NSL). 10

Copy of Unit 1 Textbook Homework Questions (3)

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