Peace and security-1-S-23

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International Organizations: peace and security Heidi Hiebert, PhD Political Science 2442, Spring 2023 The George Washington University

War and international politics (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • UNITAF as a case study • International anarchy and the rule of law • A shift from interstate wars (Iran/Iraq, 1980-1988) and Ethiopia/Eritrea (1999- 2000) to intrastate wars (Sri Lanka, Rwanda, Sudan, former Yugoslavia)

New challenges for peace (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Human security taking precedence over state security? • Weapons of mass destruction • Terrorism

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Pieces of security governance (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Global IGOs • Norms on the use of force • International conventions • Regional security organizations • Enforcement mechanisms • Peaceful settlement mechanisms • Peacekeeping • Humanitarian intervention • Peacebuilding

IGOs and regional security organizations (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • League of Nations and UN Charter: basic principles for preventing war, with the former requiring unanimity among council members for action, while the latter calls for 9 votes total and no opposition from permanent members • Both = collective security, as opposed to collective defense organizations • UN Security Council has sole authority to use force and obligate member states to impose sanctions • Regional agencies require approval from the UN Security Council

Major action, IGOs, since 1992 (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Security Council authorization: NATO in Bosnia, 1994, and Afghanistan, 2001, Libya, 2011 • Retroactive approval: ECOWAS in Liberia, 1992 • Partnership: UN and OAS in Haiti, 1993 • Transition to UN operation: SADC in DRC, 1998 • AU in Darfur, 2007 • AU and EU principle regional partners for the UN, with NATO continuing in Afghanistan (until end-2014) and as support in Darfur

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Law and the use of force (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Use of force in self-defense accepted, providing basis for Security Council’s authorization for action in Kuwait, 1990 • Use of force must be proportional to provocation (Israeli response in 2006 and 2009 to attack by Hezbollah and Hamas from Lebanon questioned) • UN Security Council and the US invasion of Iraq, 2003

Norms and the use of force (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Concerns about effects of war on civilians, wounded soldiers, prisoners of war and refugees. • The Geneva Conventions, 1949 (see new protocols, added) • International refugee law, legal protection for displaced persons • Articles 7 and 8 of the ICC’s Rome Statute identifies crimes against humanity • Most norms regarding armed conflict apply to interstate wars and states, not nonstate actors.

The issues (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Role of NGOs in exposing transgressions • The debate regarding state sovereignty • ICISS, 2001 • International law and the evolution of customary law: R2P (criteria: right authority, just cause, right intention, last resort, proportional means, reasonable prospects)

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Back to theory (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Realists: little difference between interstate and intrastate conflicts = same organizing principles at play (relative power) • “Soft realists”: alter cost-benefit calculus of parties involved through diplomacy and mediation • Liberals: international law and IGOS, NGOs and ad hoc groups working together to avert war • Constructivists: shifts in norms on the use of force and “who” should be protected, as well as taboos with regard to particular weapons (nuclear taboo, by N. Tannenwald)

Peaceful settlement of disputes (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Preventive diplomacy: diffuse crises before they escalate into violence, preventive deployment of peacekeeping troops = innovation, late 1950s to provide independent role for the UN during the Cold War – does it work? • Mediation: third party attempts to broker agreement for parties unable to devise their own solutions – negotiation with muscle, or dependent on the skill of the mediator? • Adjudication and arbitration: solution based in international law, all involved parties must consent to process: ICJ and Nicaragua versus the United States.

Collective security: use of force (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Post Cold War: chapter VII invoked for NATO (Bosnia and Afghanistan); US (Haiti); Australia (East Timor); France (Rwanda); Great Britain (Sierra Leone) … peacekeeping missions must secure mandate under chapter VII, blurring lines • Korea • The Gulf War • Bosnia and Kosovo • Afghanistan • Anti-piracy • Libya

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Collective security: use of sanctions (Karns and Mingst, chapter 8) • Always problematic, unless alternative markets can be effectively blocked • Iraq: Hussein had nothing to gain by cooperating, and the sanctions produced a humanitarian crisis among the population = can fuel resentment and provide legitimacy for ruinous economic policies of targeted countries • Since 1994, no comprehensive sanctions have been imposed • Sanctions in return for small policy changes can be more successful than requests for a regime change