Lecture 12 Securing the Republic

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University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley *

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1301

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Political Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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Lecture 12: Securing the Republic; 1791- 1815 Chapter 8 (Foner, DuVal, and McGirr)

Lecture Preview • Politics in an Age of Passion • The Adams Presidency • Jefferson in Power • The “Second War of Independence”

Politics in an Age of Passion  Focus Question: What issues made the politics of the 1790s so divisive?

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Domestic Policy Under Washington and Hamilton. • George Washington was elected the 1 st president of the USA and John Adams became Vice President. • Other important officials in his administration included Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury.

Alexander Hamilton. • Alexander Hamilton of New York had been an aide to General Washington during the Revolutionary War. • The US was deep in debt. In addition, each of the states also had a lot of debt. • Debt threatened the future of the new nation and… • As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was responsible for putting the country’s finances in order.

Hamilton’s Five Part Program 1. The federal government take responsibility for debt from the Revolutionary War and for debts of the states. 2. National debt – issue interest bearing bonds to the government’s creditors (those it owed money). 3. Hamilton also proposed a national bank to be called the Bank of the United States (BUS). It would be a private corporation, it would hold public fuds, and issue banknotes that would serve as currency. 4. To raise revenue (money) Hamilton proposed a tax on whiskey products. 5. In a Report on Manufactures: he proposed a tariff to encourage the development of American manufacturing

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The Emergence of Opposition • Disagreement over Hamilton’s financial program led to the first political parties. • Those opposed included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. • They envisioned the USA expanding westward as a land of small independent farmers. • They had no interest in manufacturing, urban growth, or the interests of bankers and business leaders – Things that Hamilton’s program would promote. • They feared Hamilton’s program would lead to corruption and a too powerful central government.

The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain • Opposition to Hamilton’s program was strongest in the South. Southerners thought it benefitted the North more than the South. • Jefferson thought the BUS was unconstitutional. • To get the South to pass his program, Hamilton agreed to support the establishment of a new national capitol in the South. • It was established between Virginia and Maryland.

The French Revolution • Started in 1789. French people overthrew their king and beheaded him. • Republicans thought the French Revolution was similar to the American Revolution, so they favored it. • The Federalists disliked the French Revolution because they thought it was extremist and murderous. • Because of the French Revolution, France went to war w/Europe’s monarchies. • President Washington said the U.S. would remain neutral. • The French Revolution contributed to political divisions in the USA

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Impressm ent • The British navy seized American ships that traded with France. • It also engaged in… • Impressment: The British navy kidnaped sailors on American ships and forced them to serve in the British navy.

Jay’s Treaty • John Jay sent to London to object to impressment. • The British agreed to remove its troops from the West. • The US agreed to give British imports favored treatment. • But it did not address the issue of impressment.

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The Whiskey Rebellion. Western PA in 1794. • Congress had passed a tax on whiskey. • The tax hurt western farmers financially. • Farmers in western Pennsylvania took up arms and attacked tax collectors. • Pres. Washington raised an army of 13,000 that put down the rebellion. • It demonstrated the might of the Federal government. It was strong enough to defend itself and its laws.

The 1796 Elections . Washington decided not to seek re-election. Federalists nominated John Adams for president. Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson. Adams won.

• 1. Alexander Hamilton came from a wealthy background. T or F • 2. Who was Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury? • 3. What issue(s) led to the 1 st political parties? • 4. What were the two political parties?

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The XYZ Affair (1797- 1800) The French had started seizing American ships that traded w/their enemy. Adams sent diplomats to negotiate a settlement over the matter. The French refused to negotiate unless the Americans 1 st agreed to pay a bribe. It led to a Quasi War with France.

The US started to prepare for an actual war with France. Federalists passed The Alien and Sedition Acts The Alien Act allowed the Federal Government to deport foreigners deemed dangerous. The Sedition Act made it a crime for officials or publications to criticize the government or the president. A Republican congressman and several newspaper editors were prosecuted for violating the Sedition Act. But despite other Federalists wanting to go to war against France. Adams supported peace.

In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson and Madison wrote the Kentucky Resolutions and the Virginia Resolutions, respectively. These documents argued that the states have the authority to judge The constitutionality of acts of Congress. No other state endorsed the resolutions.

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The Haitian Revolution (1791) led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent republic. • Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • It inspired hope for freedom among slaves in the US. • Thousands of refugees from Haiti fled to the US. • When Jefferson became president he sought to quarantine and destroy the new republic.

Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) • During the Revolutionary War African Americans became familiar with the concepts of liberty and equality. • They also heard about the successful slave revolt in Haiti. • Both inspired Gabriel, an enslaved blacksmith near Richmond, VA, to start a rebellion. • Gabriel recruited other A.A. at churches. • He planned to attack Richmond, set fire to the city, seize the capitol and capture the governor, holding him until VA agreed to abolish slavery.. • Rains forced Gabriel to postpone the rebellion and The authorities found out about the plot. • 26 rebels, including Gabriel were hanged.