Comprehensive Learning Assessment 1

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the leadership styles, influences, and legacies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, two influential figures in American politics. By examining their self- perception, effectiveness, and impacts on others, the study aims to gain insights into their leadership approaches and the lasting implications of their presidencies. The paper explores diverse perspectives on the positive and negative aspects of their leadership, policy priorities, and impact on societal and political dynamics. By evaluating their distinct leadership styles and contributions, this analysis seeks to deepen our understanding of the lasting influence of Obama and Trump on American history. Introduction Barack Obama and Donald Trump, two prominent figures in American politics, have left distinctive imprints on the nation's history. As the 44th and 45th Presidents of the United States, respectively, they brought forth contrasting leadership styles, policy priorities, and societal impacts. Barack Obama, as the first African American president, symbolized progress and inclusivity, serving as a transformative leader during his tenure from 2009 to 2017. Known for his charismatic and eloquent communication style, Obama inspired and united people through his messages of hope and change. Obama also prioritized issues such as climate change, immigration reform, and economic recovery following the 2008 financial crisis (Freidel & Sidey, 2017). Moreover, his historic presidency challenged traditional notions of leadership, becoming an inspiration for marginalized communities and paving the way for diverse individuals to aspire to high political office. In contrast, Donald Trump's presidency was marked by controversy and polarization. Rising to power with a business background and a willingness to challenge the

2 political establishment. He employed an assertive and confrontational leadership style. Utilizing social media platforms like Twitter, he connected directly with his base, bypassing conventional media channels. Trump's focus revolved around promoting American interests, emphasizing economic growth, tax cuts, deregulation, and strict immigration policies (The White House, 2021). While his disruptive approach garnered support from his base, it also generated criticism due to divisive rhetoric, alleged disregard for democratic norms, and policies perceived as discriminatory or harmful. Undeniably, both leaders left enduring impacts on American politics and society. This paper seeks to analyze the leadership styles, influences, and legacies of both figures, delving into their self-perception, effectiveness, positive and negative impacts on others, and the examination of whether either embodied the servant-leader type. Ultimately, this exploration will shed light on how each leader will be remembered in history, considering the diverse perspectives and long-lasting implications of their presidencies. The Effectiveness of Barack Obama and Donald Trump as Leaders The leadership effectiveness of Barack Obama and Donald Trump has been a subject of debate and varies depending on individual perspectives. Evaluating their leadership qualities, achievements, policy outcomes, and impact on society provides insights into their effectiveness as leaders. Barack Obama's effectiveness as a leader can be attributed to several qualities and characteristics that shaped his presidency and had an impact on American society. His inclusive leadership style fostered collaboration and unity by recognizing the importance of diverse perspectives (COGGINS, 2009). He exhibited pragmatism in decision-making, carefully analyzing complex issues and considering long-term implications. In addition, one significant

3 policy achievement during Obama's presidency that confirmed his effectiveness was the passing of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. The ACA aimed to provide access to affordable healthcare for all Americans. It expanded healthcare coverage by introducing subsidies, implementing insurance market reforms, and expanding Medicaid eligibility. The ACA represents a substantial legislative accomplishment that has had a tangible and positive impact on the lives of many Americans (Kantarjian, 2016). Furthermore, his commitment to public service drove his policy initiatives and dedication to improving the lives of Americans. In contrast, the assessment of Donald Trump's effectiveness as a leader is subjective and varies based on different viewpoints. Supporters argue that Trump's economic policies led to a strong economy with low unemployment rates, job growth, and stock market gains (Houellebecq, 2019). In fact, one major legislative achievement was the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, which aimed to stimulate economic growth, job creation, and investment through tax cuts for individuals and corporations. Proponents of the TCJA believe it contributed to a robust pre-pandemic economy, reducing tax burdens and encouraging business investment and job creation (Rader, 2020). Supporters also appreciate his prioritization of American interests ,with the "America First" agenda resonating with his base, as it was seen as protecting jobs, industries, and national security. However, critics point to Trump's divisive rhetoric and leadership style, which exacerbated societal divisions and increased polarization. They criticize his handling of crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic. They argue that Trump's initial response lacked effectiveness, citing downplaying the severity of the virus, contradictory statements, and delayed implementation of widespread testing and coordination efforts (Kapucu & Moynihan, 2021). The

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4 absence of a cohesive and coordinated federal response resulted in challenges in containing the virus and addressing the crisis effectively. The positive and/or negative influences of Barack Obama and Donald Trump on others Barack Obama's presidency had a significant influence on the lives of individuals, both positively and negatively. His policies, such as healthcare reform, which expanded access to affordable healthcare through the Affordable Care Act, positively impacted individuals by making healthcare more accessible. Additionally, his advocacy for LGBTQ+ rights and the repeal of discriminatory policies positively affected the lives of marginalized communities. However, his immigration policies and the record number of deportations drew criticism for their negative impact on immigrant communities (Glastris & LeTourneau, 2017). Moreover, his foreign policy decisions and political polarization created challenges and had negative repercussions for individuals affected by conflicts and ideological divisions. Critics argued that his administration's handling of the Syrian civil war and the rise of ISIS allowed for instability in the region (Walt, 2017). Similarly, Donald Trump's influence on the lives of others varied depending on individual experiences and perspectives. Supporters credited his economic policies, including tax cuts and deregulation, for job growth and stimulating certain sectors, while criminal justice reform initiatives like the First Step Act reduced mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent offenses, expanded rehabilitative programs, and addressed issues such as overcrowding and recidivism. This reform was seen as a positive step towards addressing inequities. However, his strict immigration policies, such as family separations, were criticized for their negative impact

5 on immigrant families and human rights concerns (James, 2021). Trump's divisive rhetoric and inflammatory language were also seen as contributing to increased polarization and eroding trust in public discourse and institutions. Additionally, his administration's rollback of environmental regulations and withdrawal from international agreements hindered progress in addressing climate change, negatively impacting environmental protection efforts. Shaping History: The Enduring Legacies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump Obama's legacy is rooted in groundbreaking milestones and progressive policies that had a profound impact on the nation. His historic election as the first African American president broke racial barriers, signifying progress and inclusivity. The passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) stands as a hallmark achievement, expanding healthcare coverage and addressing accessibility and affordability issues. Additionally, his administration's efforts to stabilize the economy after the 2008 financial crisis and promote job creation played a vital role in restoring confidence and stimulating economic growth (Toussaint, 2017). Obama's foreign policy emphasized diplomacy, aimed at restoring America's global standing and ensuring national security. Moreover, his advocacy for LGBTQ+ rights and social progress, such as repealing the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy and supporting marriage equality, advanced the cause of equality and acceptance. Donald Trump's legacy is marked by his role in a populist movement that challenged the political establishment and reshaped the political landscape. His unfiltered communication style, often through social media, transformed political discourse, amplifying polarization and reshaping public engagement. Trump's economic policies, focused on economic nationalism and trade renegotiations, drew both support for stimulating growth and concern for potential long-

6 term consequences. His "America First" foreign policy approach redefined international relationships, renegotiated agreements, and prioritized national interests. However, his stance on social issues, including immigration, LGBTQ+ rights, and racial justice, elicited varying reactions, with supporters praising his efforts to strengthen border security and critics decrying the perceived divisiveness. Trump's presidency was marred by controversies, including impeachment proceedings and investigations, leaving a lasting impact on his public perception (Bloodworth, 2021). Leadership Styles of Barack Obama and Donald Trump: Similarities and Differences Both Donald Trump and Barack Obama exhibit notable leadership qualities, although their styles and approaches differ in several key aspects. Firstly, both leaders possess charismatic communication skills that enable them to effectively engage and captivate their audiences through compelling speeches. Additionally, they have successfully established strong personal brands that resonate with their respective followers, attracting a dedicated base of supporters who are drawn to their unique personalities and leadership styles (Harris, 2019). Furthermore, Trump and Obama both demonstrate confidence and assertiveness in their decision-making, projecting a strong image of leadership and a willingness to express their opinions and take bold actions. However, significant differences exist between their leadership styles. Trump's approach can be characterized as more confrontational and unpredictable, often relying on direct and aggressive tactics to achieve his goals. In contrast, Obama's leadership style is generally seen as measured, inclusive, and diplomatic, prioritizing collaboration and consensus-building. Moreover, their policy priorities diverge, with Trump focusing on issues such as immigration, trade, and national security, while Obama prioritized healthcare reform, climate change, and income inequality.

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7 Finally, their approaches to international relations contrast sharply, as Trump embraced a nationalist stance with a focus on bilateral agreements, whereas Obama emphasized multilateralism and global cooperation by working closely with international organizations. Analyzing Barack Obama: Evaluating His Servant-Leader Traits Barack Obama can be viewed as a servant-leader during his tenure as President of the United States. His leadership style exemplified qualities of empathy, inclusivity, and a commitment to serving the needs of the American people. He prioritized accessible healthcare through the passage of the Affordable Care Act, aiming to provide relief to the uninsured and underinsured. By focusing on social justice issues, such as LGBTQ+ rights and criminal justice reform, Obama sought to address systemic inequalities and create a fairer society. Moreover, Obama embraced collaboration and diversity in decision-making. He actively sought input from a wide range of perspectives, recognizing the importance of diverse voices in shaping effective policies(Greenstein, 2012). This inclusive approach fostered dialogue and allowed for more comprehensive solutions that considered the needs of different communities. Overall, Barack Obama's leadership style reflected the principles of a servant-leader. His empathy, commitment to social justice, and inclusive decision-making exemplified his dedication to serving the American people and improving their lives. Summary and Conclusions Barack Obama and Donald Trump exemplify contrasting leadership styles and legacies within American politics, representing distinct approaches to governing. Their relationship has reached an unprecedented level of hostility, reflecting a historic level of animosity between the two leaders (Jones, 2017). Barack Obama exemplified a servant-leader who prioritized

8 inclusivity, collaboration, and social justice. His effective communication skills and commitment to progressive policies shaped his presidency and left a lasting impact on American society (Rich, 2018). On the other hand, Donald Trump's leadership style differed significantly, being characterized by assertiveness, populism, and a willingness to challenge the political establishment(Nai & Maier, 2019). Evaluating their legacies reveals Obama's groundbreaking milestones, progressive policies, and efforts towards inclusivity, while Trump's legacy is marked by his role in a populist movement and renegotiation of international agreements(Lacatus, 2020). Their distinct leadership styles, policy priorities, and societal impacts contribute to the ongoing debates surrounding their effectiveness as leaders. Overall, Barack Obama's leadership style can be characterized as that of a servant-leader due to his exhibited qualities of empathy, inclusivity, and commitment to serving the needs of the American people(AuthorLIFE, 2017). The examination of these contrasting leadership styles and legacies can provide valuable insights for future leaders and policymakers. Understanding the importance of empathy and ethical decision-making, as emphasized in "The Leadership Challenge," can contribute to more effective and inclusive leadership practices. By learning from the strengths and weaknesses of past leaders, society can strive toward a more equitable future (Kouzes & Posner, 2017). In conclusion, the leadership of Barack Obama and Donald Trump presents a fascinating study of contrasting leadership styles and their impacts on American politics and society(Fontaine & Gomez, 2020). Through their distinct approaches, both leaders have left enduring legacies that continue to shape the national discourse and provoke discussions about the qualities and effectiveness of leadership in the United States.

9 References AuthorLIFE. (2017, January 18). “Obama: The Servant-Leader” by Dr Patrick Martin, MD. TOWARDS LIFE-KNOWLEDGE . https://bsahely.com/2017/01/18/obama-the-servant- leader-by-dr-patrick-martin-md/ Bloodworth, B. (2021, January 23). FORUM 1: How will Donald Trump be remembered in the history books? Legacy will include his ideological turn. Fredericksburg.com. https://fredericksburg.com/opinion/forum-1-how-will-donald-trump-be-remembered-in- the-history-books-legacy-will-include/article_9249e00f-df4b-5b5b-a8b9- eb2d1ec7f77d.html COGGINS, E. (2009). GRIN - Five Leadership Theories Applied in Barack Obama’s First 100 Days as President. Www.grin.com . https://www.grin.com/document/130531 Fontaine, S. A., & Gomez, D. M. (2020). Going Social: A Comparative Analysis of Presidents’ Official and Social Media Messages. Presidential Studies Quarterly , 50(3), 507–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12676 Freidel, F., & Sidey, H. (2017). Barack Obama. The White House . https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/ Glastris, P., & LeTourneau, N. (2017, January 4). Obama’s Top 50 Accomplishments, Revisited. Washington Monthly . https://washingtonmonthly.com/2017/01/03/obamas-top-50- accomplishments-revisited/

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10 Greenstein, F. I. (2012). The Presidential Difference Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama - Third Edition. Princeton University Press. Harris, C. (2019). Missing the Mark: Obama and Trump’ s use of similar communication strategies . https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1031&context=honorscollege_pos Houellebecq, M. (2019, March 15). [Revision] Donald Trump is a Good President | Harper’s Magazine. Harper’s Magazine . https://harpers.org/archive/2019/01/donald-trump-is-a- good-president/ James, T. S. (2021). The effects of Donald Trump. Policy Studies , 42(5-6), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2021.1980114 Jones, K. L. (2017, June 28). With latest jabs, Trump-Obama relationship reaches historic nastiness | CNN Politics. CNN . https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/28/politics/trump-obama- relationship/index.html Kantarjian, H. M. (2016). The Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, 3 years later: A reality check. Cancer , 123(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30384 Kapucu, N., & Moynihan, D. (2021). Trump’s (mis)management of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Policy Studies , 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2021.1931671 Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2017). The leadership challenge: How to make extraordinary things happen in organizations (6th ed.). Wiley.

11 Lacatus, C. (2020). Populism and President Trump’s approach to foreign policy: An analysis of tweets and rally speeches. Politics , 41(1), 026339572093538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395720935380 Nai, A., & Maier, J. (2019). Can anyone be objective about Donald Trump? Assessing the personality of political figures. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties , 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2019.1632318 Rader, M. (2020). The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017: Implications for the US real estate market. Corporate Real Estate Journal , 9(3), 234–255. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/crej/2020/00000009/00000003/art00005 Rich, W. C. (2018). Conclusion: Who Was President Barack Obama? Looking Back on President Barack Obama’s Legacy , 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01545-9_11 The White House. (2021, January 18). Donald J. Trump. The White House . https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/donald-j-trump/ Toussaint, K. (2017, January 18). How will Barack Obama be remembered in history? – Metro US. Www.metro.us . https://www.metro.us/how-will-barack-obama-be-remembered-in- history/ Walt, S. M. (2017, January 18). Barack Obama Was a Foreign-Policy Failure. Foreign Policy; Foreign Policy . https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/18/barack-obama-was-a-foreign- policy-failure/

Comprehensive Learning Assessment 1

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