Chapter 15-16
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Chapter 15
1.
What exception is made in the 13th Amendment?
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
2.
What were Black Codes?
Black Codes were laws enacted in the Southern states after the Civil War that aimed to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans. 3.
What is the 14th Amendment?
Citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guarantees equal protection under the law.
4.
By the end of Reconstruction, about how many African American men had served
in political office? More than two thousand African American men had served in political office.
5.
What was the debate within the AERA? What were the consequences of this fight?
The debate within the American Equal Rights Association (AERA) centered around whether to prioritize the fight for women's suffrage or African American suffrage. Some members believed in focusing on securing voting rights for African Americans first, while others argued for simultaneous efforts to secure women's suffrage. This debate eventually led to the split of the AERA into separate organizations.
6.
What were the various roles of Black Churches during Reconstruction?
They served as places of worship, centers for education, and hubs for social and political organizations. Black Churches also provided leadership and support for civil rights activism and played a crucial role in advocating for the rights and empowerment of African Americans. Also, black churches provided space for conflict
over gender roles, cultural values, practices, norms, and political engagement. 7.
What is the “Lost Cause”?
The "Lost Cause" refers to a romanticized and mythologized interpretation of the American Civil War that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It portrayed the Confederacy as a noble and heroic cause, downplayed the role of slavery as a cause of the war, and sought to preserve the social and racial hierarchy of
the antebellum South.
8.
What were the three forms of racial violence during and following Reconstruction?
Racial violence in the Reconstruction period took three major forms: riots against Black political authority, interpersonal fights, and organized vigilante groups.
9.
Please select 1 person or event from Chapter 15. In a full paragraph (5-7 sentences), dig a bit deeper into your selected person or event and tell me more about your selection. Please cite your source at the bottom of your paragraph.
BLACK CODE
The Reconstruction Act of 1867 weakened the effect of the Black Codes by requiring
all states to uphold equal protection under the 14th Amendment, particularly by enabling Black men to vote. (U.S. law prevented women of any race from voting in federal elections until 1920.)
During Reconstruction, many Black men participated in politics by voting and by holding office. Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, and southern states then enacted more discriminatory laws. Efforts to enforce white supremacy by legislation increased, and African Americans tried to assert their rights through legal challenges.
https://www.americanyawp.com/text/15-reconstruction/
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws/
CHAPTER 16
1.
Please list one short-term and one long-term consequence of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Short-term consequence: Violence
Long-term consequence: Labor reforms
2.
What was “Taylorism”?
"Taylorism" refers to the principles and methods of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor. It aimed to increase efficiency and productivity in industrial workplaces with time and motion studies, standardized work processes, and
the division of labor.
3.
According to Herbert Spencer, what would welfare and charity encourage? Why were ideas of social Darwinism attractive to wealthy Americans?
According to Herbert Spencer, welfare and charity would encourage dependency and weaken the individuals' ability to survive and thrive on their own. Ideas of social Darwinism were attractive to wealthy Americans because they justified their wealth and privilege, suggesting that they were naturally superior and deserving of their success.
4.
On May 1, 1886, between 300,000 and 500,000 workers participated in a national strike. Has there been a larger national strike since? If so, when and why?
Yes, there has been a larger national strike since the one on May 1, 1886. One notable
example is the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which involved an estimated 500,000 workers across multiple states. It was a response to wage cuts and poor working conditions in the railroad industry.
5.
Please list 2 goals of the Farmer’s Alliance. Two goals of the Farmer's Alliance were to advocate for the regulation of railroad rates and to promote the establishment of cooperative stores and warehouses for farmers.
6.
How did racism weaken the power of the Populist Party?
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Racism weakened the power of the Populist Party by creating divisions among farmers and laborers along racial lines. This undermined the coalition-building efforts
of the party and hindered their ability to effectively challenge the political and economic status quo.
7.
Please select 1 person or event from Chapter 16. In a full paragraph (5-7 sentences), dig a bit deeper into your selected person or event and tell me more about your selection. Please cite your source at the bottom of your paragraph. A labor movement is defined as “a movement campaigning to improve the rights and conditions of working people.” While the individual groups we researched span the globe, the overarching theme is a constant fight to let workers share in the wealth they have created. The movements we have chronicled, past and present, are wholly grassroots, as they sprung from the abysmal working and living conditions of exploited workers. Strikes and protests are often the last resort for these workers, as there is no other way to advance their interests besides withdrawing their invaluable labor. Whether it is factory workers in India or fast-food workers in the U.S., the shared goal is to use their integral position in the capitalist political economy to slow down the flow of global capital. Within the U.S., labor movements are responsible for
the weekend and the 40-hour workweek, which were not granted to workers but rather fought for in protracted battles.
https://socialmovements.trinity.duke.edu/movements/labor-movements#:~:text=A
%20labor%20movement%20is%20defined,the%20wealth%20they%20have
%20created.